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2015大学英语四六级考试语法辅导
词类(parts of speech)
英语的词通常分为十大类:
1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。
2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。
3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。
4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。
5)动词(verb,缩写为v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。
6)副词(adverb,缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。
7)冠词(article,缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。
8)介词(preposition,缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如from(从),in(在…内),between(在…之间)。
9)连词(conjunction,缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。
10)感叹词(interjection,缩写为int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。
[注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)。
[注二]不少词可以属于几个词类,如work(工作;动词和名词),fast(快;形容词和副词),since(自从;连词和介词)等。
句子成分(members of the sentence)
英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲,主要有下列六种句子成分:
1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。
2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的,如I study English中的study。
3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的,如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。
4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的,如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语,如They don't work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday,就是介词on的宾语。
5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的,如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。
6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的,如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。
[注]虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。
动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)
时态
1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
语态
可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
宾补结构的被动语态:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短语动词
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被动语态)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
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