职称英语考试阅读综合辅导
（一）第一句型：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
1） 系动词一般为be 动词。
注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作"半系动词"用，按行为动词方式变化，起系动词的作用。
试验比较：
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.（他摸遍了口袋但没有找到一分钱。—— feel为行为动词）
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? （你脸色苍白，感到不舒服？—— look / feel为系动词）
一般来说，动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词，该动词为系动词， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
实例：
"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." （脉搏正常）
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解题思路：normal为形容词，前面应为系动词；系动词没有被动语态，故A不对； look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时，B也不对；D时态错了，故正确答案为C.
2）there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型： there是引导词，不解释 "那里"; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题：
There isn't enough furniture in the room.（房间里家具不够）
错：There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.（毫无疑问，中国已消灭天花。）
错：It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. （充分证据表明，爱滋病正在亚洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位语从句）
错：It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. （可以： It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主语从句）
（二）第二句型：主语 + 不及物动词 （+ 其他成分）
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分：
不及物动词 及物动词
rise /rose / risen（升起） raise /raised / raised （提高）
arise / arose / arisen （from）（产生） arouse / aroused / aroused（唤起）
lie / lay / lain（躺下） lay / laid / laid（放下）
arrive at（到达） reach（到达）
wait for（等待） await（等待）
remain（仍旧） maintain（保持，维修）
*上面所注仅为典型词义，要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外，该句型常采用倒装形式，注意辨别，主要是以下两种情况：
1） 用here 或 there引导：Here comes the bus. （汽车来了。） / There rings the bell. （铃响了。）
2） 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中，往往将介词短语提前：On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.（山顶上有一座漂亮的小房子。）
（三）第三句型：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
我们知道，名词可以做主语和宾语，非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语，
作主语：
Learning a foreign language is not easy.（学门外语并不容易。）
To learn a foreign language is not easy. （= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.）
从语法角度讲，上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是，当动词处于宾语位置时，就不能这样"随心所欲"了，因为英语语法有以下几个规定：
1）acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep （on） / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式，重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大，没有给出具体词义解释。若需要，请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点，要对以上词特别敏感，例如：
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解题思路：1）一看到avoid一词，便可确定正确答案在A、B中； 2）affect意为"影响"，及物动词，故B不对。[如果做题时间来不及，此类题目若有"主动语态"和"被动语态"之分，一般选"被动语态"的正确率高些。]
2） remember / forget：后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do，但意思不一样：to do表示说话时还没有发生的事，-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆，如："我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。"显然是指出门时还没有做的事，因此用to do形式；"我不记得以前见过你。"显然是指说话以前的事，因此用 -ing形式，即：
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此，除了知道这个规定外，分清"发生过"还是"没有发生"是解题的关键。
实例：
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解题思路：1）第一步要确定"发生过"还是"没有发生"，即A、D还是B、C，"你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗？"显然是已发生的事，选B、C；2）"introduce"（介绍）后没有宾语，说明是"被动语态：，故选C [再看一下上一节中的 "解题思路"]
3）need / want / require等解释为"需要"时，有两种表达方式，如：
"这间会客室需要打扫一下"
A．This waiting room needs to be cleaned. （to 被动式）
B．This waiting room needs cleaning.（-ing主动式）
考试时若同时出现两种选择，选B
4）look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 "to" 是介词，后面应跟名词或动名词-ing
阅读理解篇
Eat Healthy
"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，it's accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.
According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.
Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.
It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy. It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents.
词汇：
orphan n.孤儿
belly n.肚子
nutrition n.营养
waistline n.腰围
paycheck n.薪金支票
注释:
1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盘俱乐部的成员
2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨饿的孤儿们!
3. take too many bites 吃得太多
4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根据《今日美国》刊登的一个故事，服务员给每个顾客一盘饭菜，其量是政府推荐的2至4倍。
5. It's just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like a
good deal. 事情是这样的，美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工作下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。
练习：
1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children
A to save food.
B to wash the dishes.
C not to waste food.
D not to eat too much
2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?
A Because Americans associate quantity with value.
B Because Americans have big bellies.
C Because Americans are good eaters.
D Because Americans are greedy.
3. What happened in the 1970s?
A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.
B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.
C The United States produced more grain than needed.
D The American waistline started to expand.
4. What does the survey indicate?
A Many poor Americans want large portions.
B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.
C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.
D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.
5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?
A They work long hours.
B They live from paycheck to paycheck.
C They don't want to be healthy eaters.
D They want to save money for their children
答案与题解：
1. C 本题问的是:美国父母总是叫他们的'孩子干什么?文章开头说到，每个美国孩子都能从父母或爷爷奶奶那里听到这样的话，"吃光你盘子里的东西"，"做清盘俱乐部的成员"。这些话表达的意思就是不要浪费粮食。因此 C 是正确的答案。
2. A 本题问的是:美国饭馆为什么饭菜给得多？第二段相关的话是这么说的：美国人在传统上把东西值不值是跟数量联系在一起，因此大多数的饭馆给的量大。这些饭馆乐于让顾客们抱怨饭菜给得太多而不乐于让他们抱怨饭菜给得太少。所以 A 是正确的答案。
3. D 本题问的是：20 世纪 70 年代发生了什么？文章第三段是这样说的：一位宾州大学营养教授，Barbara Rolls ，告诉《今日美国》20 世纪 70 年代饭馆给的饭菜的量开始增加，与此同时，美国人的腰围也开始增大。所以 D 是对的。
4. A 本题问的是：调查报告说明了什么？选项 B、C和 D 所说的数字不对。因此唯有 A 是正确的。A说的是：许多美国穷人希望量大。这个信息可以在第四段中找到。相关的句子是这么说的：许多吃不起精美正餐的美国人仍然要量大。
5. C 本题问的是:下面的哪种说法不带合美国工人的实际情况？ C 说的是：他们不想做吃得健康的人。这个说法是不对的。最后一段的第一句话是这么说的：美国工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正确。
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