职称英语理工类C级考试16年的真题和参考答案
2016年职称英语理工类C级考试真题（1）
第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)： 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. I grabbed his arm and made him turn to look at me.
A. seized B. threw C. broke D. stretched
2. Traffic reaches its rush hour between 8:00 and 9:00 in the morning.
A. border B. goal C. peak D. level
3. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already.
A. right B. obvious C. unbelievable D. unclear
4. I tried to detach myself from the reality of these terrible events.
A. bring B. separate C. put D. set
5. We found shelter from the rain under the trees.
A. defense B. standing C. protection D. room
6. This was an unexceptionally brutal attack.
A. open B. cruel C. sudden D. direct
7. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
A. worried B. sleepy C. offensive D. anxious
8. We have to change the public's perception that money is everything.
A. sight B. belief C. interest D. pressure
9. The odd thing was that he didn't recognize me.
A. real B. whole C. strange D. same
10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.
A. taught B. kept C. attracted D. changed
11. That performance was pretty impressive.
A. completely B. very C. beautifully D. equally
12. The frame needs to be strong enough to support the engine.
A. bottom B. surface C. top D. structure
13. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge.
A. passed by B. took a notice of
C. woke up D. found by chance
14. "There is no other choice," she said in a harsh voice.
A. firm B. soft C. deep D. unkind
15. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post.
A. about B. at C. with D. from
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Wide World of Robots
Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker(修补) with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. "They're the best toys out there," says Howie Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a roboticist, a person who designs, builds or programs robots.
When Choset was a kid, he was interested in anything that moved - cars, trains, animals. He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move. Later, in high school, he built mobile robots similar to small cars.
Hoping to continue working on robots, he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Choset's labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars: robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward, backward, left and right. But snakes can twist(扭曲) in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain(地形). "Snakes are far more interesting than the cars," Choset concluded.
After he started working at Carnegie Mellon, Choset and his colleagues there began developing their own snake robots. Choset's team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes, such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don't, such as rolling. Choset's snake robots could crawl(爬行) through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.
But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patient's chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the oparation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?
Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and then tested the robot in pigs.
A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology for surgeries on people.
Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, "I still don't get bored of watching the motion of my robots," Choset says.
16. Choset began to build robots in high school.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Snake robots could move in only four directions.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Choset didn't begin developing his own snake robots until he started working at Carnegie Mellon.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. Choset's snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
参考答案：ABAACCCC
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)：下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Ecosystem
1 The word "ecosystem" is short for ecological (生态的) system. An ecosystem is where living creatures expand within a given area. You can say that an ecosystem is the natural environment where biological organisms (生物) such as plants, animals and humans co-exist in this world. So naturally that includes you and me. Yes, we are all members of an ecosystem!
2 There are different kinds of ecosystems depending on the type of surface or environment. Most are naturally made such as the ocean or lake and the desert or rainforest. Some are man-made or artificial to encourage co-habitation (兴居) between living and non-living things in a monitored environment, such as a zoo or garden.
3 Plants make up the biggest group of biological creatures within an ecosystem, and that's because they are the natural food producers for everyone. Plants raised in the earth need air and collect sunlight to help them grow. When they grow, the plants and its fruits or flowers eventually become a source of food to animals, microorganisms (微生物) and even humans, of course. Food is then converted to energy for the rest of us to function, and this happens in a never-ending cycle until the living creatures die and break up back in the earth.
4 Ecosystems are the basis of survival for all living things. We depend on plants and animals for food. In order for us to exist, we need to grow and care about other organisms. We also need to care for the non-living things within our environment like our air and water so we can continue living as a population. Since plants, animals and humans are all of various species (物种), we all play a role in maintaining the ecosystem.
5 To preserve our ecosystems, we should stop using too much energy, which happens when we consume more than our share of resources. Humans should not disturb the natural habitat (栖息地) of plants and animals, and allow them to grow healthily for the cycle to continue. Too many people in a habitat can mean displacement (搬迁): imagine being thrown out of your home because there is no more space for everyone. Worse, overpopulation can also ruin the environment and cause destruction of existing plants and animals.
23. Paragraph 2 ___B______
24. Paragraph 3 ___E______
25. Paragraph 4 ___F______
26. Paragraph 5 ___A______
A. What can we do to help protect ecosystems?
B. What are different types of ecosystems?
C. What is an ecosystem?
D. What destroys ecosystems?
E. How does an ecosystem work?
F. Why are ecosystems important?
27. In an ecosystem, plants, animals and humans live together in ____C_____.
28. Plants are essential in an ecosystem because to other living creatures they are _____E____.
29. Plants, animals and humans are all effective in ____D_____.
30. To protect our ecosystems we should not use more than ____A_____.
A. our share of resources
B. a biological creature
C. a given area
D. the maintenance of the ecosystem
E. the source of food
F. various species
第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of U.S. energy production; the U.S. Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing(租赁), both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf. Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual U.S. energy production.
n 2000, 32 percent of U.S. oil, 35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered U.S. oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to U.S. taxpayers as well as State governments. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the U.S. Treasury, and non-Indian coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year, federal land managers authorize(许可) rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems, pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands lags behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal(地热) resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours(千瓦时) of electricity per year, 47 percent of all electricity generated from U.S. geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower(水电) facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing U.S. thirst for energy and increasing public unease with dependence on foreign oil sources, pressure on the public lands to meet U.S. energy demands is intensifying. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact mitigation measures may be imposed, or mineral production may be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
C. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development..
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. Half of U.S. energy is produced there.
B. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
C. Most energy resources are reserved there.
D. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
33. Geothermal resources, wind turbines, and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 are cited as examples to illustrate that
A. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.
B. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands.
C. geothermal resources are more important than the other two.
D. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands because
A. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries.
B. the US is demanding more and more energy.
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused.
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when
A. they go through the land use planning process.
B. energy development restrictions are effective.
C. federal land managers grant permissions.
D. there is enough federal budget.
参考答案：CDDBA
第二篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach
Our senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who’ve just eaten.
Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France, wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-level thinking processes get involved.
Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass(质量) index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.
For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word, each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral(中性的) word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.
Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food-related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception, not in thinking processes, Radel says.
“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive(奋斗) for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal(处理) of our motives(动机) and needs,” Radel says.
36. "Poorer children" and "hungry people" are mentioned in Paragraph 2 to show
A. humans' senses are influenced by what's going on in their heads.
B. they have sharper senses than others.
C. they lose their senses because of poverty and hunger.
D. humans' senses are affected by what they see with their eyes.
37. There was a delay in Radel's experiment because
A. he needed more students to join.
B. he didn't prepare enough food for the 42 students.
C. he wanted two groups of participants, hungry and non-hungry.
D. he didn't want to have the experiment at noon.
38. Why did the 80 words flash so fast and at so small a size on the screen?
A. To ensure the participant was unable to perceive anything.
B. To guarantee each word came out at the same speed and size.
C. To shorten the time of the experiment.
D. To make sure the participant had no time to think consciously.
39. Radel's experiment discovered that hungry people
A. were more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.
B. were better at identifying neutral words.
C. were always thinking of food-related words.
D. saw every word more clearly than stomach-full people.
40. It can be learnt from what Radel says that
A. humans' thinking processes are independent of their senses.
B. an experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.
C. humans can perceive what they need without deep thinking processes.
D. 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.
参考答案：ACDAC
第三篇 The Development of Ballet
Ballet is a dance form that has a long history. The fact that it survives to this day shows that it has adjusted as times have changed.
Ballet began in the royal courts during the Renaissance. At that time it became common for kings and queens, as well as other nobility(贵族), to participate in pageants that included music, poetry, and dance. As these entertainments moved from the Italian courts to the French ones, court ladies began participating in them. Though their long dresses prevented much movement, they were able to perform elaborate(复杂的) walking patterns. It was not until the 1600s that women dancers shortened their skirts, changed to flat shoes, and began doing some of the leaps and turns performed by men.
It was also in the 1600s that professional ballet began. King Louis XIV of France, himself a devoted dancer, founded the Royal Academy of Dance. The five basic feet positions from which all ballet steps begin were finalized. In the late 1700s another important change occurred. Ballet began to tell a story on its own. It was no longer simply dance to be performed between acts of plays. Elaborate wigs(假发) and costumes were eliminated. By the early 1800s dancers to rise on their toes to make it appear that were floating.
Classical ballet as we know it today was influenced primarily by Russian dancing. The Russians remained interested in ballet when it declined in other European countries in the mid-1800s. One of the most influential figures of the early 20th century was Sergei Diaghilev. His dance company, the Ballets Russes, brought a new energy and excitement to ballet. One of his chief assistants, George Balanchine, went on to found the New York City Ballet in 1948 and to influence new generations of dancers.
41. This passage deals mainly with
A. famous names in ballet.
B. how ballet has developed.
C. Russian ballet.
D. why ballet is no longer popular.
42. The word "pageants" in Paragraph 2 means
A. big shows.
B. dances.
C. instructions.
D. royal courts.
43. Professional ballet was first performed in
A. France.
B. Italy.
C. Russia.
D. America.
44. Who had an important influence on early ballet?
A. Balanchine.
B. Antoinette.
C. Diaghilev.
D. Louis XIV.
45. We can conclude from this passage that ballet
A. is a dying art.
B. will continue to change.
C. is currently performed only in Russia.
D. is often performed by dancers with little training.
参考答案：BAADB
第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
A Doctor in the House
Brushing your teeth twice a day should keep the dentist away. But if a group of scientific researchers have their wish, it will make the rest of your body healthy too. _____46____ It is one of many gadgets (小装置) proposed by engineers and doctors at the Center for Future Health in New York ― others include a pair of glasses that help to jog your memory, and a home camera designed to check for cancer.
The devices seem fanciful, but the basic principles are simple. The gadgets should make it easy for people to detect illness long before it strikes and so seek treatment far earlier than normal. ____47_____ In the long run, the technology may even prevent illness by encouraging us to lead healthier lives.
Intelligent bandages (绷带) are a good example. Powerful sensors within the bandage could quickly identify tiny amounts of bacteria in a wound and determine which antibiotics (抗生索) would work best. _____48____
Socks are long overdue for a makeover. In the future they will be able to automatically detect the amount of pressure in your foot and alert you when an ulcer (溃疡) is coming up.
All the projects should have far-reaching implications, but the biggest single development is a melanoma (黑瘤) monitor designed to give early warnings of cancer. ____49 _____ If a problem is found, the system would advise you to get a check-up at your doctor's surgery.
lf all this sounds troublesome, then help is at hand. ____50_____ A standard computer would be able to understand your voice and answer questions about your symptoms In plain English and in a way which would calm your nerves.
47.A. Experts are also working on a "digital doctor", complete with a comforting bedside manner.
50.B. Instead of relying on hi-tech hospitals, the emphasis is shifted to the home and easy-to-use gadgets.
48.C. The cut could then be treated instantly, so avoiding possible complications.
D. That is going to be the difficult part.
49.E. The device could be used to take a picture of your body each week, then compare it with previous images.
46.F. A toothbrush that checks blood sugar and bacteria while you brush is currently in development in USA
第6部分：完形填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Giant Structures
It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modern world since every year more___51__constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our ___52__although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.
The Petronas Twin Towers The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a___53__of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American___54__Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around l, 800 square metres of office space___55__every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other __56__of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades.
The Millau Bridge The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tarn Valley, in southern France. ___57__the time it was built, it was the world's highest bridge, ___58__over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the world. It was built to ___59__Millau's congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the___60__extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!
The Itaipu Dam The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the world. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, ___61__forms a natural border betweenBrazil6 and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two___62__. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% 0f Paraguay's and 25% 0f Brazil's___63__ needs. In its construction, the___64__of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a___65__amazing wonder of engineering.
51. A. wonderful B. delightful C. helpful D. careful
52. A. when B. although C. if D. because
53. A. In B. With C. Above D. On
54. A. designed B. located C. built D. linked
55. A. costs B. sits C. stands D. provides
56. A. features B. types C. tasks D. roles
57. A. place B. map C. time D. view
58. A. developing B. reaching C. expanding D. lasting
59. A. restrict B. replace C. relieve D. relax
60. A. much B. more C. less D. most
61. A. consists B. makes C. sets D. uses
62. A. what B. who C. that D. which
63. A. countries B. provinces C. members D. regions
64. A. water B. energy C. oil D. food
65. A. mainly B. hardly C. rarely D. truly
参考答案：ABBDD ACBCB ADABD
2016年职称英语真题理工类A级试题（1）
第1部分：词汇选项（第1~15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. His stomach felt( hollow )with fear.
A. empty B. sincere C. respectful D. terrible
【正确答案】A
2. The original experiment cannot be exactly (duplicated).
A. invented B. reproduced C. designed D. reported
【正确答案】B
3. His profession career (spanned) 16 years.
A. started B. lasted C. changed D. moved
【正确答案】B
4. She felt that she had done her good (deed) for the day.
A. homework B. act C. justice D. model
【正确答案】B
5. The group does not (advocate) the use of violence.
A. support B. limit C. regulate D. oppose
【正确答案】A
6. Some of the larger birds can remain (stationary) in the air for several minutes.
A. silent B. seated C. true D. motionless
【正确答案】D
7. There was an (inclination) to treat geography as a less important subject.
A. tendency B. point C. result D. finding
【正确答案】A
8. That uniform makes the guards look (absurd).
A. ridiculous B. serious C. beautiful D. impressive
【正确答案】A
9. New secretaries came and went with (monotonous) regularity.
A. dull B. amazing C. depressing D. predictable
【正确答案】A
10. The country was apart by （strife）.
A. poverty B. conflict C. war D. economy
【正确答案】B
11. This war disaster on a（ cosmic）scale.
A. modest B. huge C. commercial D. national
【正确答案】B
12. A person’s wealth is often in（inverse） proportion to their happiness.
A. equal B. opposite C. certain D. large
【正确答案】B
13. The department（ deferred） the decision for six months
A. put off B. arrived at C. abided by D. protested against
【正确答案】A
14. The committee was asked to （render）a report on the housing situation.
A. copy B. publish C. furnish D. summarize
【正确答案】C
15. The symptoms of the disease （manifested）themselves ten days later.
A. eased B. improved C. relieved D. appeared
【正确答案】D
第2部分：阅读判断（第16~22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Experience the World in 3D Game
Ever wondered how your cat or dog sees the world? Now you can look through their eyes with the first 3D game that recreates the vision of different species based on scientific evidence.
The online simulation, created by the French 3D design company Dassault Systèms, with the guidance of veterinary ophthalmologist (眼科专家)Didier Schmidt-Morand, mimics (模仿)the vision of five animals - cats dogs, rats, hawks and bees - as a player steers them through Place Vendome in Paris.
Due to differences in field of view, color perception and night vision, for example, sight can be drastically different from species to species. "In terms of performance, eyes are as variable as different models of cars," says Schmidt-Morand.
The game was created by using existing virtual models of the square then applying effects based on descriptions of each animal's vision. Dassault's 3D software allows a scene to be modified by adding blur or changing the colors, angle of vision and depth of field.
Although it was easy to recreate vision inferior to that of humans - cats and dogs, for example, have trouble distinguishing shades of red - replicating features that we are unable to see was a challenge. Hawks have more detailed vision than ours, whereas dogs are better at seeing movement and have a wider field of view. "We used virtual cameras to precisely simulate larger viewing angles but the result made people nauseous(令人作呕的)," says Schmidt-Morand. "So we tweaked(微调) the model to give a sense of the wider view without sticking to reality."
The rat's view also departs from reality: because they are near-sighted, everything more than 15 centimeters away is a blur, so they typically move close to walls to help them navigate. "A rat would never throw itself into the middle of an open area," says Schmidt-Morand. The simulation for this animal is supplemented with a map in the top right corner to help determine the rat's position: because of their limited eyesight, most landmarks are obscured.
The game is intended as an educational resource and players can discuss their experience with others through community features on the website. If there is interest from schools and zoos, the team hopes to recreate the vision of more animals.
16. The game developed by Dassault Systems is the first 3D game recreating the vision of different species.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】A
17. Dassault’s 3D software takes different perspectives like color perception and angle of vision into account.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】A
18. The animals’ views in the software are the same as those in reality.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】B
19. Dogs have larger viewing angles than humans.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】A
20. It takes the team the longest time to recreate the rat’s view because they’re near-sighted.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】C
21. The team is working on recreating the vision of more animals.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】B
22. Schmidt-Morand’s favorite animal is cat.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
【正确答案】C
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Climate Change: The Long Reach
1 Earth is warming. Sea levels are rising. There's more carbon in the air, and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientist who study the environment to better gauge (评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.
2 People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth’s surface. And the more carbon dioxide released, the more the planet warms. ff current consumption of fossil fuels doesn't slow, the long term climate impacts could last thousands of years – and be more severe than scientists had been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.
3 Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so. During that time, changes in the planet’s environment could nudge(推动)global warming even higher. For example: Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now reach--and warm --the exposed ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a "fast feedback."
4 Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks. However', he adds, they're limited. From a climate change perspective, “This century is the most important time for the next few generations,” he told Science News. “But the world is not ending in 2100.” For his new study, Zeebe now focuses on “snow feedbacks.” while fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and the migration of plant life---as they relocate to more comfortable areas -- are two examples of slow feedbacks.
5 Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius (8.1 degree Fahrenheit) change by the year 3000. But slow feedbacks added another l.50 C--for a 60 total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that slow feedback events will cause global warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.
23. Paragraph 2 __________
A. A prediction of future climate change
B. Impact of burning fossil fuels
C. Fast feedbacks
D. Unpredictability of feedback processes
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Slow feedbacks
【正确答案】B
24. Paragraph 3 _________
A. A prediction of future climate change
B. Impact of burning fossil fuels
C. Fast feedbacks
D. Unpredictability of feedback processes
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Slow feedbacks
【正确答案】C
25. Paragraph 4 __________
A. A prediction of future climate change
B. Impact of burning fossil fuels
C. Fast feedbacks
D. Unpredictability of feedback processes
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Slow feedbacks
【正确答案】F
26. Paragraph 5 _________
A. A prediction of future climate change
B. Impact of burning fossil fuels
C. Fast feedbacks
D. Unpredictability of feedback processes
E. Rising of sea levels
F. Slow feedbacks
【正确答案】D
27. Arctic ice has never been melting so fast in __________.
A. rapid exaggeration of impacts
B. a very long time
C. the extra heat
D. previously published studies
E. the exposed ground
F. recorded history
【正确答案】F
28. Melting of snow and ice enables sunlight to reach _________.
A. rapid exaggeration of impacts
B. a very long time
C. the extra heat
D. previously published studies
E. the exposed ground
F. recorded history
【正确答案】E
29. Zeebe came up with his future climate prediction by analyzing _________.
A. rapid exaggeration of impacts
B. a very long time
C. the extra heat
D. previously published studies
E. the exposed ground
F. recorded history
【正确答案】D
30. After fossil fuels are used up, global warming will continue for ________.
A. rapid exaggeration of impacts
B. a very long time
C. the extra heat
D. previously published studies
E. the exposed ground
F. recorded history
【正确答案】C
第4部分：阅读理解（第31~45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇
Eye-tracker Lots You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance
Bored of using a mouse? Soon you'll be able to change stuff on your computer screen – and then move it directly onto your smart phone or tablet(平板电脑) –with nothing more than a glance.
A system called EyeDrop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen. Gazing at an object – a photo, say – and then pressing a key, selects that object. It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or smart phone just by glancing at the second device, as long as the two are connected wirelessly.
"The beauty of using gaze to support this is that our eyes naturally focus on content that we want to acquire," says Jayson Turner, who developed the system with colleagues at Lancaster University, UK.
Turner believes Eye Drop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smart phone or for sharing photos.
A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at otherwise you end up with the "Midas touch"(点石成金) effect, whereby everything you look at gets selected by your gaze, says Turner. "Imagine if your mouse clicked on everything it pointed at," he says.
Christian Holz, a researcher inhuman-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunnyvale, California, says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using gaze-tracking to interact. "Eye Drop solves this in a slick (灵巧的)way by combining it with input on the touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching mechanism," he says. "This now allows users to seamlessly(无缝地) interact across devices far and close in a very natural manner."
While current eye-trackers are rather bulky, mainstream consumer devices are not too far away. Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year. And the Google Glass headset is expected to include eye-tracking in the future.
Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touch screen. The system was presented at the Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Sweden, last week.
31、the eye-tracker technology enables us to
A、change our computer screen
B、focus on anything that interests us
C、get a smart phone connected wirelessly
D、more than object from screen with a glance
【正确答案】D
32、why is a button needed
A、to select what we want
B、to minimize the cost of Eye Drop
C、to choose as many objects as possible
D、to make Eye Drop different from others
【正确答案】C
33、the word “this” in paragraph 6 refer to
A、application of gaze-tracking in human-computer interaction
B、interaction between human and computer
C、combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices
D、generalization of Eye Drop system
【正确答案】C
34、which of the following statements is true of eye-trackers for consumer use？
A、they are costly
B、they are expected to come out soon
C、they are available
D、they are installed in Google Glass headset
【正确答案】B
35、what is Turner likely to study next？
A、how to drag and drop with gaze and taps
B、how to present the system in public
C、how to get touch screen involved
D、how to cut and paste content from a public display
【正确答案】A
第5部分：补全短文（第46~50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容讲其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Wrongly Convicted Man and His Accuser Tell Their Story
NEW YORK NY. January 5,2010.st Martin's Press has announced the .the paperback edition at Picking Cotton a remarkable story of what novelist ...Grisham calls an "account of violence rage, redemptive(救赎), and, ultimately, forgiveness"
The story began in 1987 in Burlington north Canada, with the rape of a young white college student named Jennifer Thompson. During her ordeal. Thompson swore to herself that she would never forget the face of her rapist a man who climbed through .window of her apartment and assaulted her brutally ________(46)When the police asked herself she could identify the attacker(袭击者)from a book of shots, she picked one that one was correct, and later she identified the same man in a lineup
Based her convincing eyewitness testimony a 22-year-old black man named Ronald Cotton was sentenced to prison for two life terms Cotton's lawyer appealed the decision and by the time of the appeals evidence had come to light suggesting that the real rapist might have boon a man who looked very like Cotton an imprisoned criminal named Bobby Poole________ (47) Jennifer Thompson looked at both men face to face. and once again said that Record Cotton was the one who raped her.
Eleven year later, DNA evidence completely exonerated(证明...明白).Cotton and just as unequivocally convicted Poole who confessed to the crime. ________ (48)The man was so sure had never seen in my life was the man who was inches from my soul" she wrote ," and the man I had identified so surely on so many occasions was absolutely innocent"
________ (49)Remarkably both were able to put this tragedy behind them, overcome the racial barrier that divided them and mate a book, which they have subtitled "Out memoir of injustice and redemption."
Nevertheless, Thompson says, she still lives" with constant that my profound mistake cost him so dearly. ________ (50)"
A. Jennifer Thompson decided to meet Cotton and apologize to him personally.
B. Many criminals are sent to prison on the basis of accurate testimony by eye witnesses.
C. I cannot begin to imagine what would have happened had my mistaken identification occurred in a capital case.
D. Another trial was held.
E. Thompson was shocked and devastated.
F. During the attack, she made an effort to memorize every detail of his face, looking for scars, tattoos (纹身) ，or other identifying marks.
46. F
47. D
48. E
49. A
50. C
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills
American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and Language retardation(延迟).They found that developing musical skill involves the_________(51)process in the brain as learning how to speak .The scientists believe that could _________ (52)children with learning disabilities .
Nina Krauss is a neurobiologist at North western University in Illinois .She says Musical training _________(53)putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians. This ________ (54) is not much different from learning how to speak .Both involve different senses .
She further explains musical training and learning to _________ (55)each make us think about what we are doing .She says speech and music ________ (56) through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem .The brain stem ________ (57) our ability to hear .Until recently, experts have though the brain stem could not be developed or changed.________ (58) Professor Krauss and her team found that musical training can improve a person’s brain stem activity.
The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ________ (59).They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures _________ (60) activity. The individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument---the cello(大提琴).Professor Krause says cello have sound qualities similar _________ (61)some of the sounds that are important with speech .The study found that the more years of training people had, the more_________ (62) they were to the sound and rhythm of the music. Those who were Involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the ________ (63) of sensory events was the strongest. It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning ________(64).She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they _________ (65) sentences and understand facial expressions better .
51. A. unique B. different C. same D. strange
【正确答案】C
52. A. help B. tell C. remind D .entertain
【正确答案】A
53. A. shapes B. involves C .relates D. enhances
【正确答案】B
54. A. form B. step C. point D. process
【正确答案】D
55. A. play B. sing C. speak D. think
【正确答案】C
56. A. pass B. use C. look D. put
【正确答案】A
57.A. develops B. controls C. assesses D. observes
【正确答案】B
58. A. So B. Moreover C. As D. But
【正确答案】D
59. A. instruments B. ability C. types D. contact
【正确答案】B
60. A. physical B. musical C. speech D. brain
【正确答案】D
61. A. as B. of C. to D. at
【正确答案】C
62. A. familiar B. inactive C. critical D. sensitive
【正确答案】D
63. A. reduction B. improvement C. interference D. implication
【正确答案】B
64. A. styles B. disabilities C. interests D. approaches
【正确答案】B
65. A. read B. write C. hear D. change
【正确答案】C
2016年职称英语理工类B级考试真题（1）
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均由1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意思最接近的`选项。
1. There was something peculiar in the way he smiles.
A. different B. wrong C. strange D. funny
2. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post.
A. at B. with C. about D. from
3. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge.
A. found by chance B. passed by C. took a notice of D. woke up
4. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.
A. general B. complex C. direct D. inflexible
5. It seems incredible that he had been there a week already.
A. unbelievable B. right C. obvious D. unclear
6. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.
A. worried B. sleepy C. anxious D. offensive
7. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A. send B. hear C. spread D. confirm
8. As a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion.
A. express B. influence C. divide D. voice
9. These animals migrate south annually in search of food.
A. explore B. travel C. inhabit D. prefer
10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company.
A. taught B. kept C. changed D. attracted
11. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A. cautious B. naked C. blind D. private
12. Make sure the table is securely anchored.
A. repaired B. cleared C. booked D. fixed
13. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A. shut B. break C. set D. beat
14. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A. shorten B. start C. end D. resume
15. He paused, waiting for her to digest the information.
A. understand B. withhold C. exchange D. contact
参考答案：CCADA DCBBD ADBCA
第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息在文章中没有提及，请选择C。
Wide World of Robots
Engineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker(修补)with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. “They’re the best toys out there，”says Howle Choset at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. Choset is a roboticist，a person who designs，builds or programs robots.
When Choset was a kid，he was interested in anything that moved—cars，trains，animals. He put motors on Tinkertoy cars to make them move. Later，in high school，he built mobile robots similar to small cars.
Hoping to continue working on robots，he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena，Choset’s labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars：robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forward，backward，left and right. But snakes can twist(扭曲)in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain(地形). “Snakes are far more interesting than the cars，”Choset concluded.
After he started working at Carnegie Mellon，Choset and his colleagues there bagan developing their own snake robots. Choset’s team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes，such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually don’t，such as rolling. Choset’s snake robots could crawl(爬行)through the grass，swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole.
But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries，the doctor has to open a patient’s chest，cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small hole in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake?
Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati，a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School，to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and they tested the robot in pigs.
A company called Medrobotics in Boston is now adapting the technology to surgeries on people.
Even after 15 years of working with his team's creations, "I still don't get bored of watching the motion of my robots,"Choset says.
16.Choset began to build robots in high school.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17.Snake robots could move in only four directions.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18.Choset didn’t begin developing his own snake robots until he started working Carnegie Mellon.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
19.Choset’s snake robots could make more movements than the ones others developed.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20.The application of a thin robotic snake makes heart surgeries less time-consuming.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21.Zenati tested the robot on people after using it in pigs.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22.The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome Medrobotics.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
参考答案：ABAACCC
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1~4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
Black Holes
1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum，sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel，and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational(重力的)force，hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.
2 Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen，other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass(恒星质量)black hole，which can only occur if the star is large enough(should be bigger than the sun)for the explosion to break it into pieces，and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare：if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers，then the Earth would become black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!
3 Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there，never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up(吞噬)objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole，but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits(轨道)do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star，only this its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.
4 So far，astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end，through numerous studies，they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light，it is not possible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to explore galaxies(银河系)，space and the solar system to understand how black holes. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years，and later contribute further process in galaxies，which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.
A. What happens to the objects around a black hole?
B. Is there proof that black holes really exist?
C. How were black holes named?
D. What are different types of black holes?
E. What are black holes made of?
F. How are black holes formed?
23. Paragraph 1 F
24. Paragraph 2 E
25. Paragraph 3 A
26. Paragraph 4 B
27. Black holes are formed after___D______.
28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into____F_____ .
29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of ___C______ .
30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove____A_____ .
A. the existence of black holes
B. the creation of new entities
C. the same amount of mass
D. an explosion of huge stars
E. a fraction of an inch
F. the tiniest particle
参考答案：FEABDFCA
第4部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
第一篇 Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production，the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing(租赁)，both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf。 Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000，32 percent of US oil，35 percent of natural gas，and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands，representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil，gas，and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999，for example，$553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury，and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues，of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year，federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines，rail systems，pipelines，and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production，though the amount is still significant. For example，federal geothermal(地热)resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours(千瓦时)of electricity per year，47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone，producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources，pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources，development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced，or mineral be banned altogether.
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
B. Public lands play an important role in energy production.
C. Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D. Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
32. Which of the following statements is true of public lands in the U.S.?
A. The majority of undiscovered natural gas is stored there.
B. Half of US energy is produced there.
C. Most of coal was produced from there in 2000.
D. Most energy resources are reserved there.
33. Geothermal resources，wind turbines，and hydropower facilities in Paragraph 4 cited as examples to illustrate that
A. the amount of alternative energy production from public lands is huge.
B. alternative energy production is no less than conventional energy production.
C. they are the most typical conventional energy resources from public lands.
D. geothermal resources are more important than the other two。
34. There is a mounting pressure on public lands to satisfy US energy demands
A. the U.S. is demanding more and more energy.
B. many Americans are unhappy with energy development in foreign countries.
C. quite a few public lands are banned for energy development.
D. many Americans think public lands are being abused.
35. Public lands can be used for energy development when
A. energy development restrictions are effective.
B. federal land managers grant permissions.
C. they go through the land use planning process.
D. there is enough federal budget.
参考答案：BAAAC
第二篇 Putting Plants to Work
Using the power of the sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels(太阳能电池板)for decades. But plants are the real experts. They’ve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.
Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight，carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)，and water into sugars and starches(淀粉)，stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis(光合作用). Unfortunately，unless you’re a plant，it’s difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. That’s why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how plants do it.
Some scientists are trying to get plants，or biological cells that act like plants，to work as very small photosynthesis power stations. For example，Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden. Colo.，is working with green algae(水藻). She’s trying to trick them into producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently，the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.
The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydrogen in the lab. During photosynthesis，plants normally make sugars or starches.“But under certain conditions，a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch，but to make hydrogen.”Ghirardi says. For example，algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. It’s the oxygen in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.
Working in an airfree environment，however，is difficult. It’s not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate(硫酸盐)from the environment that the algae grow in，they will make hydrogen instead of sugars，even when air is present.
Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algae's cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from algae. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells'activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.
The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere： “You can grow them in a reactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. There's a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.”
36. How do plants relate to solar energy?
A. They are the real experts in producing it.
B. They have been a source of it.
C. They have been used to produce it.
D. They have been using it for billions of years.
37. Scientists study how photosynthesis works because they want to
A. improve the efficiency of it.
B. turn plant sugars to a new form of energy.
C. make green plants a new source of energy.
D. get more sugars and starches from plants.
38. Algae are able to use solar energy to produce hydrogen when
A. they are grown in narrow-necked bottles.
B. there is enough oxygen in the air.
C. enough starches is stored.
D. there is no oxygen in the air.
39. Researchers find it difficult to make algae produce hydrogen efficiently because
A. removing the sulfate slows down hydrogen production.
B. it is hard to create an airfree environment.
C. it is expensive to remove the sulfate from the environment.
D. the algae’s cells work slowly if there is no oxygen in the air.
40. What does Ghirardi say about algae?
A. They grow faster in a reactor.
B. They will be planted everywhere.
C. They are cheap to eat.
D. They can be a good energy source.
参考答案：DADAD
第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badger
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert，a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers(獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert，Kitso Khama，to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behavior as discreetly(谨慎地)as possible，without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animal’s reputation，this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals，especially when they see something new.”he says.“That，combined with their unpredictable nature，can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food，for example，they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans，but as soon as they feel they might be in danger，they can become extremely vicious(凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare，but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected，honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes，feared and avoided by most other animals，were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised，however，by the animal’s fondness for local melons，probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey(猎物). The team also learnt that，contrary to previous research findings，the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research，including the fact that female badgers never socialised with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge，since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males，there are occasional fights over an important food source，and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people，it gave the team the to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals’ curiosity—or a sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns，which had been disrupted，to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other that form working associations with the honey badger，as these seemed to badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To observe how honey badgers behave.
B. To find where honey badgers live.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. They were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They defend their territory from other badgers.
C. They are more aggressive than females.
D. They hunt over a very large area.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around then
A. They became less aggressive towards other creature.
B. They lost interest in people.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
参考答案：AABDB
第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据文章的内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。
The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our Lives
Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens. Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose(蔗糖)and was chewed on for its sweet taste. Over time，sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant，grown throughout the world. ________(46)
Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things，from confectionery(糖果点心)to medicine，and，as the demand for sugar grew，the industry became larger and more profitable. ____(47) ____ Many crops withered(枯萎)and died ，despite growers’ attempts to save them，and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.
In the 1960s，scientists working in Barbados looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease. They experimented with breeding programmes，mixing genes from the more delicate，commercial type. ____(48)____This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially，but when this happens，it is expected to be incredible profitable for the industry.
____ (49)____Brazil，which produces one quarter of the world’s sugar，has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo. Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.
Despite all the research，however，we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane.____(50)____This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world. Scientist believe they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.
A Since the 1980s，scientists have been analysing the mysterious of the sugar canes genetic code.
47. Unfortunately，however，the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.
46. The majority of the world’s sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.
50. One major gene has been identified by Dr. Angellique D’Hont and her team in Montpeller，France.
48. Eventually，a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before，but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.
49. Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.
参考答案：B C D E F
第6部分：完形填空(第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳答案。
Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures(秃鹰)in question may look ugly and threatening，but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration，and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic_____(51)_____in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the ____(52)_____areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems _____(53)_____the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have _____(54)_____played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India (55). It is because they feed on dead cows. In India，cows are sacred animals and are _____(56)_____left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has _____(57_____an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these_____(58)_____animals. There are fears that rabies(狂犬症) may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately(最终)affect humans in the region，_____(59)_____wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species，_____(60)_____an even greater problem in the future.
The need for action is _____(61)_____，so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to _____(62)_____the disease causing the birds’ deaths and，if possible，develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture _____(63)were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined _____(64)over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and _____(65)_____about five years to reach maturity，reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.
51. A. increase B. threat C. decline D. risk
52. A. small B. different C. same D. safe
53. A. above B. with C. across D. through
54. A. rarely B. long C. recently D. seldom
55.A. dangerous B. clean C. smelly D. beautiful
56. A. immediately B. occasionally C. hardly D. traditionally
57. A. acted as B. led to C. come from D. slowed down
58. A. dead B. strange C. wild D. endangered
59. A. when B. so C. whether D. since
60. A. improving B. causing C. predicting D. finding
61. A. frequent B. regular C. urgent D. sudden
62. A.identify B. prove C. test D. check
63. A.injuries B.deaths C. arrivals D. attacks
64. A.in B.on C.along D.by
65. A.waste B.consume C.take D.adopt
参考答案：CC BB DBADB CABDC
2016年职称英语理工类A级考试真题（1）
第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.
A. inflexible B. general C. complex D. direct
2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
A. turned dead B. passed by
C. carried away D. become extinct
3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume
4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title.
A. argue B. claim C. wish D. compete
5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.
A. simple B. reliable C. effective D. alternative
6. Respect for life is a cardinal ??principle?? of the law.
A. moral B. regular C. fundamental D. hard
7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.
A. polluted B. treated C. tested D. corrupted
8. Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A. shut B. set C. break D. beat
9. She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
A. wiped B. injected C. produced D. removed
10. They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.
A. existence B. importance C. cause D. situation
11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.
A. unknown B. unusual C. undamaged D. unstable
12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.
A. doubtful B. untouched C. certain D. silent
13. The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.
A. rejected B. submitted C. considered D. approved
14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A. send B. spread C. hear D. confirm
15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A. naked B. cautious C. blind D. private
参考答案：ADBDA CACCB CADBB
第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)
New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries
Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韧性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.
To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (纳米晶体) is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.
The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).
By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (纳米碳管), think again.The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk —like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.
16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
参考答案：BABBCBA
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Black Holes
1 Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star’s surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.
2 Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that’s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that’s no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that’s only a fraction of an inch!
3 Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. It’s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.
4 So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.
A. Is there proof that black holes really exist?
B. What are different types of black holes?
C. How are black holes formed?
D. How were black holes named?
E. What happens to the objects around a black hole?
F. What are black holes made of?
23.Paragraph1 C
24.Paragraph2 F
25.Paragraph3 E
26.Paragraph4 A
27. Black holes are formed after___B___.
28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into___C___.
29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of___D___.
30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove__E____ .
A. the creation of new entities
B. an explosion of huge stars
C. the tiniest particle
D. the same amount of mass
E. the existence of black holes
F. a fraction of an inch
参考答案：CFEABCDE
第4部分：阅读理解(第31-45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Forecasting Methods
There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.
The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.
The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation(降水量). Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.
The climatology(气候学) method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.
The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involves examining today's forecast scenario(模式) and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.
31. Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method?
A. Necessary amount of information.
B. Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.
C. Practical knowledge of the forecaster.
D. Creativity of the forecaster.
32. The persistence method fails to work well when
A. it is rainy.
B. it is sunny.
C. weather conditions stay stable.
D. weather conditions change greatly.
33. The trends method works well when
A. weather features are constant for a long period of time.
B. weather features are defined well enough.
C. predictions on precipitation are accurate.
D. the speed and direction of movement are predicable.
34. The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when
A. the analog looks complicated.
B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.
C. the analog is more than 10 years old.
D. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.
35. Historical weather data are necessary in
A. the persistence method and the trends method.
B. the trends method and the climatology method.
C. the climatology method and the analog method.
D. The persistence method and the analog method.
参考答案：DDABC
第二篇 Students Learn Better With Touchscreen Desks
Observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And — particularly in the United States — school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel(擅长)at, mathematics. So it’s heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.
AUK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students’ math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward.
Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy (效力) at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice — dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility — the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.
One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. Known as SynergyNet, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared (红外线的) spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?
A. It does not catch up with the development of technology.
B. Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.
C. Some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries.
D. Many students are not good at learning mathematics.
37. What has been found after the new tech is employed?
A. Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.
B. Students become less active in learning mathematics.
C. Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-pencil method.
D. The gap between slow learners and fast learners get more noticeable.
38. What is the benefit students get from the new tech?
A. It makes them more fluent in public speech.
B. It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.
C. It is effective in helping them solve physical problems.
D. It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.
39. What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?
A. Every student has an individual tabletop.
B. Students use different tools to interact with each other.
C. The multi-touch function stimulates students.
D. The software installed automatically identifies different users.
40. How does the new tech work to improve students’mathematical learning?
A. It helps fast learners to learn faster.
B. It makes teachers’ instruction unnecessary.
C. It enables them to work together.
D. It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.
参考答案：BADCC
第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badgers
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity —or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
C. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They hunt over a very large area.
C. They defend their territory from other badgers.
D. They are more aggressive than females
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B. They started eating more.
C. Other animals started working with them.
D. They lost interest in people.
参考答案：BACBD
第5部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Toads are Arthritic and in Pain
Arthritis(关节炎) is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads, a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. 46__________.
The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 193S in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometers. 47__________.A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species
The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. 48__________.
A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night.49__________.But speed and strength come at a price —arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.
In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop(跳跃). 50__________.These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their relentless march across the landscape.
A. Toads are not built to be road runners — they are built to sit around ponds and wet area.
48. The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.
47. Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia’s native species.
49. Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances, while the others are being left behind.
46. But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.
50. But arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found.
参考答案：BCDEF
第6部分：完形填空(第51-65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light
Solar photovoltaic(光电的) thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but ________ (51)now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector .That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon(晶体硅) solar cells, ________ (52)lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.
That’s a problem of economics. Good solarhot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower __________(53) .And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can __________(54)up all thespace on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a __________(55) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous(非晶形的) silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they __________ (57) much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. __________ (58), thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
“That means that their efficiency drops when you__________ (59) them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, which is one of the __________ (60) thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However, Pearce and his team found a __________ (61) to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new _____ (62) _____ of PVT .You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling __________ (63) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely _________ (64) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they__________(65) the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.
51. A. until B. unless C. when D. if
52. A. what B. which C. that D. who
53. A. reward B. bill C. pay D. cost
54. A. move B. set C. live D. take
55. A. decision B. suggestion C. solution D. qualification
56. A. for B. by C. with D. as
57. A. retrieve B. merge C. require D. exchange
58. A. Unfortunately B. Certainly C. Luckily D. Immediately
59. A. cover B. relate C. face D. expose
60. A. restrictions B. advances C. reasons D. strengths
61. A. part B. result C. subject D. way
62. A. type B. size C. shape D. brand
63. A. area B. point C. place D. extent
64. A. promoted B. improved C. overcame D. asserted
65. A. boosted B. defined C. wasted D. lower
参考答案：ABDDC DCADC DABCA
2016年职称英语考试试卷结构
2015年职称英语考试试卷结构：
A、B、C三个等级的考试各由6个部分组成，每个级别的考试题型一样、题量相同，但不同级别考试总的阅读量及难易程度不同。考试主要考查应试者理解书面英语的能力。
第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)
考查应试者理解在一定语境中单词或短语意义的能力。本部分为15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线。要求应试者从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分)
考查应试者识别和判断文章所提供的信息的能力。本部分为1篇300～450词的短文，短文后列出7个句子，有的句子提供的是正确信息，有的句子提供的是错误信息，有的句子的信息在短文中并未直接或间接提及。要求应试者根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)
考查应试者把握文章段落大意及细节的能力。本部分为一篇300-450词的短文，有2项测试任务：(1)短文后有6个段落小标题，要求应试者根据文章的内容为其中指定的4个段落各选择一个正确的小标题;(2)短文后有4个不完整的句子，要求应试者在所提供的6个选项中选择4个正确选项分别完成每个句子。
2016年12月大学英语六级考试写作浅析
2014年12月大学英语六级考试写作浅析
2014年12月的大学英语六级考试已经结束，客观题部分，对很多考生来说都是没有疑问的，选对了就是对，错了就是错。但是主观题就有了很大的灵活性，因此不少考生会觉得心里七上八下，不知道自己答的主观题部分是不是符合要求。在此，老师就以写作为例，解说下小伙伴们关心的写作相关问题。
1.不要跑题
由于今年的客观题相对简单，为了保证稳定的过级率，主观题部分的阅卷可能会相对严格一些。但是我们不用担心，只要我们的作文不写跑题，那就没有问题。其实，今年的考题都是比较简单的，我们从看到第一眼就可以确定它的主题了，然后后面围绕这个话题进行展开就可以了。
2.关于标题
作文要不要写标题呢?这个问题就像哈姆雷特的“To be or not to be,that is a question”一样，不断萦绕在广大考生的脑海中。在这里，老师将要把大家从苦海中解救出来：这个标题写不写都不扣分。所以，小伙伴们，你们也不用再纠结了。
3.作文结构
我们的作文结构一定要清晰。那是不是就意味着一定要和八股文一样“三段式”呢?老师告诉你们其实不然，这个作文不一定三个段落，但不能只是一段，至少要三个段落。而且还要有清晰的段落结构。不仅要有主题句，点明主题、引出下文;还要有总结句进行总结。否则是要扣结构分的。
4.用语地道
也就是说，我们要写出地道和专业的表达。但是我们知道每个国家和民族有自己的传统和特征，中国人很难创造出地道的英文表达，就像英国人不明白中国人为什么要说“说曹操曹操就到，”不说“说张飞张飞就到”一样。既然很难写出来，那应该怎么办呢?不着急，老师温馨提示：我们可以从真题文章中进行学习模仿。我们知道考试的真题都是从国外专业杂志中选择的最精彩的文章，它能体现全世界最专业的表达水平，其中的固定搭配和用法是非常飘亮。所以，我们在平时的学习中可以尝试从真题中总结出用词和短语，并运用到写作中去。
总之，只要能做到以上这些，老师相信，你的英语一定会所向无敌，高分通过考试的。
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