2017年职称英语试题理工类复习模拟题精选3篇
Listening to Birdsong(倾听鸟鸣)
A male zebra finch chirps away to himself. Suddenly he notices a female bird, nearby: He realizes he has an audience and immediately changes his song. Can the female tell the difference in his performance? According to a new study, the female zebra finch knows. And she prefers the special trills he creates when he sings to her. A male zebra finch changes his song when singing to a female in ways that people can barely detect. But the female finch can tell the difference.
一只雄性斑胸草雀对着自己吱喳而鸣。突然间，他注意到不远处有一只雌性斑胸草雀。他意识到自己有了一位听众并立即改变了自己的声调。那只雌性斑胸草雀能发现他的不同吗?根据一项新的研究结果显示，答案是可以的。并且那只雌性斑胸草雀更喜欢当雄性斑胸草雀为她歌唱时所制造的特殊颤音。人类很难发觉雄性斑胸草雀对着雌性斑胸草雀鸣叫时所做出的改变，但是雌性胸斑草雀可以发现其中的不同。
Scientists had noticed slight variations in the songs of male zebra finches based on whether they were singing alone or whether there was a female ( and potential mate) nearby. With an audience, the males sped up the pace of their songs and controlled the notes they used.
科学家们根据雄性斑胸草雀是否在独自歌唱或者根据其周围是否有一只雌性斑胸草雀(潜在配偶)在场，发现了他们歌声中的略微不同。当有听众在场的时候，雄性斑胸草雀就会加快他们呜叫的速度并且控制其所用的鸣音。
For this Study, researchers Sarah C. Woolley and Allison Doupe at the University of California, San Francisco decided to focus attention on the listening females, which have not been well studied in the past.
为了此项研究，加州大学旧金山分校的两位研究员：萨拉?C?伍利和艾莉森?杜普决定关注倾听者——雌性斑胸草雀，而雌性斑胸草雀在过去并没有被仔细研究过。
In the study, Woolley and Doupe set up a long cage with a sound speaker at each end. One broadcast the sound of a male zebra finch singing to himself, like someone singing in the shower. The other speaker broadcast a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert.
在研究中，伍利和杜普建了一个很长的笼子，笼子两边分别装有一个扬声器。其中一边播放的是雄性斑胸草雀对着自己演唱时所发出的鸣叫声，好似一个人在洗澡时所唱的歌。另一边播放的则是雄性斑胸草雀向另一只雌性观众表演时的所发出的鸡叫声，仿佛他是在举行一场音乐会。
Female birds were placed between the two speakers. Some of the birds had mates, others didn't. The females shifted around a bit, and then most of them hopped over to sit beside just one speaker. All the birds that made a clear choice liked songs meant for a female audience, even if they'd never met the male.
雌鸟被放置在两个扬声器之间。这些雌鸟中有的已经有了配偶，有的还没有。她们徘徊了一会，便大多飞向并暂栖在了其中的一个扬声器旁边。所有的鸟都选择了为了雌鸟而发出的表演性鸣叫声，即使她们从未见过那只发音的雄性胸斑草雀。
Mated females also had a chance to listen to two different performance songs, one from an unknown male, and one from their mate. They spent more time listening, to the concert version of their mates' songs. This suggests that after a while, females learn to recognize--and prefer—the songs of their mates.
有了配偶的雌性胸斑草雀还可以听到两个不同的表演性鸣叫声，其中一个来自未知的雄鸟，另一个则来自她们的配偶。她们花了更多的时间倾听自己配偶的歌声。而这表明雌鸟在经过一段时间后可以识别出并且更加喜爱自己配偶的歌声。
Scientists then studied the brains of the females. They found certain areas of the brain perked up when the birds listened to the concert songs. These brain areas may be involved in recognizing and evaluating the songs, and storing the memories of them.
科学家们继而研究了雌鸟的脑部。他们发现当雌鸟听到表演性鸣叫声的时候，这些鸟的脑部的特定区域会变得活跃起来。而这些区域可能同识别、评价和储存歌声有关。
This research deals with what's called directed communication, when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. One example is the way moms speak to their babies. Mothers around the world use the same sort of high-pitched sing-song chatter, and the babies respond best to those sounds. Songbirds are one of the only other species known to learn their communication, in this case their songs.
这项研究所关注的就是所谓的“指向性交流”，即当传播者或信息发送者所发送的信息就是为了特定的观众。其中一个例子就是母亲向婴儿说话的方式。全世界的母亲都采用同样一种方式：高声调的'歌咏式的喋喋不休。婴儿对这种声音的反应最好。而鸣鸟是其他已知物种中唯一可以获知这种指向性交流的物种，而在这种情况下，则是他们的歌声。
词汇：
finch n. 雀科鸣鸟 perk v. 使振作，使活跃
chirp v. (鸟)鸣 morn n. 妈妈(等于英国英语mum)
trill n. (鸟的)啭音;颤音 chatter v. &n喋喋不休，唠叨
注释：
1. zebra finch: 斑胸草雀
2. chirp away: 吱喳而鸣。away有continuously和steadily的意思。
3. perk up : 活跃起来，振作精神
4. high-pitched: 活跃起来，振作精神
练习：
1. What does the first paragraph say about zebra finches?
A)Male zebra finches like to sing to female zebra finches.
B)Male zebra finches sing louder than female zebra finches.
C)Male zebra finches change their songs in female zebra finches' presence.
D)Male zebra finches like to listen to female zebra finches sing.
2. What did the researchers fred in their study of female zebra finches?
A)Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them.
B)Female finches only liked songs male finches sang for their mates.
C)Female finches liked to listen to songs from both speakers.
D)Female finches chose the best male singers as their mates.
3. What is meant by "concert songs" in the seventh paragraph?
A)Songs sung by zebra finches at a concert.
B)Songs sung by male finches for female finches.
C)Songs sung by female fmches for male finches.
D)Songs sung by male fmches to many female finches.
4. What is NOT true of directed communication?
A)The sender of a message has a specific audience.
B)Male zebra finches sing to female finches.
C)Mothers talk to their babies,
D)Male zebra finches sing to themselves.
5. Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?.
A)Chirping away.
B)Birdsongs as communication.
C)Zebra finches and their life.
D)Enjoying birdsongs.
答案与题解：
1. C 文章第一段的第二句告诉我们，雄性斑胸草雀只要注意到有雌性斑胸草雀听他唱歌便会改变声调。其他选项均不是该段所表达的意思
2. A 选项B、C、D 都不是答案，因为文章的第五段说，有配偶的雌性胸草雀更喜欢她们配偶的歌声，而没有配偶的喜欢的听雄性斑胸草雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌。
3. B 第四段提到…a male performing for a female audience, as if he was giving a concert. 所以，第七段中的concert songs 即指雄性斑胸草雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌。
4. D 文章的最后一段解释了什么是directed communication,即，when the communicator, or sender, focuses the message for a specific audience. 该段又举了母亲对婴儿说话的例子，说明这与雄性斑胸草雀为雌性斑胸草雀的歌同属directed communication。
5. B 文章所涉及的研究旨在发现雄性斑胸草雀歌声是否会在不同的情况下发生变化，其结果是，它们在为雌性斑胸草雀唱歌时，会改变声调和速度。这就是说，它们的歌声实际上是一种交流方式。所以应选择B。
Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright （研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因）
Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don’t question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.
我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者(包括乔治?华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士)团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿(一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先)直立行走作出解释。
“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond.
The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.
“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。
Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University’s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees’ behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.
有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地——“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果;(b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。
When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.
当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。
In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths.
处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。
The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.
第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。
词汇：
scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的;稀有的
chimpanzee n.黑猩猩
ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿
bipedal adj. 二足的
anatomical adj.解剖的
coula nuts( coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果
注释：
1. GW’s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治?华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院。乔治·华盛顿大学(George Washington University)的英文简称为GW，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。
2. ecological settings: 生态环境
3. bipedal activity：双足活动
4. anatomical chaiige: 解剖学上的变化
5. Kyoto University:京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于I897年建校。京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。
6. Bossou: 博苏,几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。
7. oil palm nut: 油棕榈坚果
8. increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍
9. in one go: —口气
10. Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城——牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。
练习：
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?
A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.
B Chimpanzee’s behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.
C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.
D Our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.
2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding
A when humans began walking on two legs.
B what made our ancestors walk upright.
C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.
D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.
3. Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees.
A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.
B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.
C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.
D ignored both types of nut altogether.
4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment?
A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.
B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.
C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.
D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.
5. What can we infer from the reading passage?
A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.
B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.
C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.
D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.
答案与题解：
1. A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出
2. B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。
3. C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。
4. D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项 A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。
5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。
U. S. Scientists Confirm Water on Mars(美国科学家确认火星上有水)
NASA1 scientists said that Mars was covered once by vast lakes, flowing rivers and a variety of other wet environments that had the potential to support life.
美国国家航空航天局的科学家们称火星曾被巨大的湖泊、流动的河流以及其他潮湿的自然环境所覆盖，而这些都使其有了维持生命的可能。
Laboratory tests aboard NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander2 have identified water in a soil sample; the lander's robotic arm delivered the sample Wednesday to an instrument that identifies vapors produced by the heating of samples.
在美国国家航空航天局的“凤凰”号火星登陆器的实验室所做的试验中，已经在一份土壤样本中鉴别出了水。登录器的机器臂在星期三的时候把样本传送给了一个仪器，此仪器可以鉴别出通过样本加热而产生的水蒸气。
"We have water," said William Boynton of the University of Arizona, lead scientist for the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer3, or TEGA. "This is the first time Martian water has been touched and tasted. "
“我们找到了水”，热力与先进气体分析仪(也称TEGA)的主要科学家、亚利桑那大学的威廉?博尔顿说道，“这是我们第一次接触和品尝到火星上的水。”
The robotic arm is a critical part of the Phoenix Mars mission. It is needed to trench" into the icy layers of northern polar Mars and deliver samples to instruments that will analyze what Mars is made of, what its water is like, and whether it is or has ever been a possible habitat for life.
登录器的机器手臂是“凤凰”火星计划重要的组成部分。它需要破开火星北极的冰冻地表，深入到土壤伸出铲取样本，并将样本传送给仪器，使其可以分析火星的构成，火星上的水的形态和火星是否适合或曾经适合人类居住。
The soil sample came from a trench approximately 2 inches deep. When the robotic arm first reached that depth, it hit a hard layer of frozen soil. Two attempts to deliver samples of icy soil on days when fresh material was exposed were foiled when the samples became stuck inside the scoop. Most of the material in Wednesday's sample had been exposed to the air for two days, letting some of the water in the sample vaporize away and making the soil easier to handle.
土壤标本来自于一个大概2寸深的沟渠。当机器臂第一次达到这个沟的时候，它触到了一层硬的冻土。当新鲜的冻土暴露在空气中的时候，机器臂曾经两次尝试对冻土样本进行传送，但样本同铲斗粘在了一起，使这两次尝试都以失败告终。星期三所采集的大部分样本已经暴露在空气两天，这使样本中的一些水分得以蒸发，从而使土壤更易处理。
"Mars is giving us some surprises," said Phoenix principal investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona. "We're excited because surprises are where discoveries come from. One surprise is how the soil is behaving. The ice-rich layers stick to the scoop when poised in the sun above the deck, different from what we expected, from all the Mars simulation testing we've done so far. "
“火星正在给我们一些惊喜，”“凤凰”计划的主要调查员、亚利桑那大学的彼得?史密斯说道，“我们很激动是因为发现源于惊喜。其中一个惊喜就是土壤的表现。当富冰层被悬挂于甲板上方的太阳底下的时候，它会和铲斗粘在一起，这是我们从未预期到的，也不同于我们迄今为止所做过的任何火星模拟实验。”
Since landing on May 25, Phoenix has been studying soil with a chemistry lab, TEGA, a microscope, a conductivity probe and cameras. The science team is trying to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for biology and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present.
自5月25日登陆以来，凤凰号就利用一个化学实验室、热力与先进气体分析仪、一个显微镜，一根传导性探针和相机来研究火星土壤。这只科学团队尝试确定火星上的水冰是否曾经大量融化，从而能支持生物存在。同时，它还将寻找火星土中是否有以碳为基础的有机化合物，这些化合物是形成生命的“原材料”。
The mission is examining the sky as well as the ground. A Canadian instrument is using a laser beam to study dust and clouds overhead.
这次任务同时对天空和地表进行研究，加拿大所制造的仪器所发射的激光可以帮助研究头上方的尘埃和云层。
"It's a 30-watt light bulb giving us a laser show on Mars," said Victoria Hipkin of the Canadian Space Agency.
“这是一个30瓦的灯泡，它在火星上给了我们一场激光秀。”加拿大航天局的维多利亚?西普金说道。
A full-circle, color panorama of Phoenix's surroundings also has been completed by the spacecraft.
航天器还成功采集了“凤凰”号着陆的周围地区的彩色全景图。
"The details and patterns we see in the ground show an ice-dominated terrain as far as the eye can see," said Mark Lemmon of Texas A & M University, lead scientist for Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager4 camera. "They help us plan measurements we're making within reach of the robotic arm and interpret those measurements on a wider scale. "
“我们获得的地表图案显示，火星基本上是一片以冰为主的地区。”“凤凰”号负责地表立体成像首席科学家、德州A&M大学的马克?莱蒙说，“立体成像技术可以帮助我们在机器臂所及范围之内的进行测量，同时帮助我们在更广的规模上解释这些测量结果。”
词汇：
foil v. 挫败，使成泡影 conductivity n. 传导陡，导电胜
scoop n. 铲斗 thaw v. 融化，融解
vaporize v. 使蒸发，使汽化 panorama n. 全貌，全景图
注释：
1.NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国国家航空航天局)的缩写。NASA总部设在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，是美国政府系统中的航空航天科研机构，负责组织和协调美国航空航天的研究工作并提供咨询。
2.Phoenix Mars Lander：凤凰号火星登陆器。其使命是探测火星地表下的冰层，分析冰层是否曾经融化产生液态水，并计划检测火星土壤是否含有生命存活的有机物。
3.Thermal and Evolved—Gas Analyzer：热力与先进气体分析仪
4.Stereo Imager：立体图像
练习：
1. What was discovered by NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?
A)Vast lakes.
B)Flowing rivers.
C)Water in a soil sample.
D)Living things.
2. Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?
A)The sample vaporized away.
B)Fresh material was exposed to the air.
C)The samples got stuck inside the scoop.
D)The robotic arm hit a hard rock.
3. Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A)Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars.
B)Scientists have been surprised by how the soil on Mars behaves.
C)Scientists have been trying to fend out if there is life supporting material on Mars.
D)Scientists have been trying to know if water ice will melt.
4. Where are the scientists involved in the research from?
A)They are from America.
B)They are from Canada.
C)They are from both America and Canada.
D)They are from neither America nor Canada.
5. Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix's Surface Stereo Imager Camera, according to your understanding of the passage?
A)It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.
B)It imitates human voice and is able to record slight sounds while taking photos.
C)It takes clear photos that show every detail of the object.
D)It is this particular type of camera that can take wide angle pictures.
答案与题解：
1.C 短文的第一段告诉我们，NASA科学家曾经说过，火星上有广阔的湖泊，流动的河流，以及可能有支撑生命的潮湿环境。但这些只是科学家的假设，不是NASA’S Phoenix Mars Lander的发现，所以只有C是正确选择。
2.C 短文第五段的第三句提供了答案。
3. A 第六段的第三句所述内容说明B是作者想要表达的意思，第七段的最后一句所述内容说明C和D也是作者想要表达的意思。文章里没有A所表述的内容。
4.C 短文的第八和第九段提到了加拿大宇航局的科学家为凤凰号的火星探索提供了激光设备。
5. A短文最后一段的第一句：A full—circle，color panorama of Phoenix’S surroundings also has been completed…告诉我们，使用这种照相机可以拍摄全景照片。panorama：全景，全景摄影。
【职称英语试题理工类复习模拟题】相关文章：
理工类职称英语复习词汇01-31
2015职称英语《理工类》完形填空模拟题06-11
2013职称英语考试理工类选择模拟题01-25
2016年职称英语考试《理工类》模拟题06-18