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2017年职称英语概括大意试题及答案
（一）Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures
The vultures (秃鹰) in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three species of India's vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic__________(51) in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the__________(52) areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems __________(53) the Indian sub-continent.
While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians, vultures have__________(54)played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India __________(55) It is because they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are__________ (56) left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.
The disappearance of the vultures has __________(57) an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these__________ (58) animals. There are fears that rabies (狂犬症) may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately (最终) affect humans in the region, __________ (59) ild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, __________(60) an even greater problem in the future.
The need for action is __________ (61), so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to__________ (62) the disease causing the birds' deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.
Large-scale vulture__________(63) were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined__________ (64)over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as "critically endangered". As most vultures lay only single eggs and__________ (65) about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.
51.A. increase
B. threat
C. risk
D. decline
52.A. small
B. different
C. same
D. safe
53.A. above
B. with
C. across
D. through
54.A. rarely
B. long
C. recently
D. seldom
55.A. dangerous
B. clean
C. smelly
D. beautiful
56.A. immediately
B. occasionally
C. hardly
D. traditionally
57.A. acted as
B. led to
C. come from
D. slowed down
58.A. dead
B. strange
C. wild
D. endangered
59.A. when
B. so
C. whether
D. since
60.A. improving
B. causing
C. predicting
D. finding
61.A. frequent
B. regular
C. urgent
D. sudden
62.A. identify
B. prove
C. test
D. check
63.A. injuries
B. deaths
C. arrivals
D. attacks
64.A. in
B. on
C. along
D. by
65.A. waste
B. consume
C. take
D. adopt
51.D。考查词汇。题干：秃鹰数量的急剧__________ 给生活在__________ 地区的人们带来破坏。从上下文语境来看，通篇文章都在叙述秃鹰濒临灭绝对印度环境的负面影响，而且文章的标题中的dying vultures也提供了线索。decline符合上下文的意思，意为“秃鹰的数量在急剧减少”。increase与上下文的意思相反。故D为正确答案。
52.C。考查固定搭配。题干：秃鹰数量的急剧减少给生活在与鸟__________ 地区的人们带来破坏。从上下文语境来看，秃鹰数量的急剧减少不仅是这些鸟类的灾难，对当地居民同样也是如此，the same as意为“和……一样”，为固定搭配。故C为正确答案。
53.C。考查介词。题干：这也给__________ 印度次大陆带来了公共健康的问题。从上下文语境来看，四个选项中只有across the Indian sub.continent(整个印度次大陆)符合题干，故C为正确答案。
54.B。考查副词。题干：虽然它们的声誉和外观可能对许多印度人是不愉快的，但是秃鹰__________ 在维护印度城镇和乡村的__________ 方面扮演了非常重要的角色。从上下文语境来看，四个选项代入后，long意为“长期以来一直起作用”，合乎上下文的意思，故B是正确答案。
55.B。考查词汇。题干：虽然秃鹰的名声不好，许多印度人也讨厌其长相，但是长久以来，秃鹰在维护全印度的城镇和乡村的__________ 方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因为秃鹰是以死牛为生。四个选项分别代入后，B选项clean(清洁的)符合题干要求，其他选项dangerous意为“危险的”，smelly意为“有臭味的”，beautiful意为“漂亮的”，均不符合题干要求，故B是正确答案。
56.D。考查词汇。题干：在印度，牛是神圣的动物，因而死后__________ 露尸户外，任其腐烂。露尸户外是印度的传统，所以此处填traditionally“传统地”。选项immediately意为“立即地”，occasionally意为“偶尔地”，hardly意为“几乎不”，都不通，因此D为正确选项。
57.B。考查固定搭配。题干：秃鹰的消失—__________ 以__________ 动物为生的野狗数量暴增。表达的是因果关系。“the disappearance ofthe vultures”是因，“all explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains ofthese dead animals”是果，四个选项中只有lead to(导致)能表达这种因果关系，使题干很通顺。因此B为正确选项。
58.A。考查词汇。题干：秃鹰的消失导致以__________ 动物为生的野狗数量暴增。从上下文语境来看，应该是死的动物，因此A为正确选项。
59.D。考查状语从句。题干：这种可怕的疾病最终会影响当地的居民，__________ 野狗是狂犬病的主要携带者。前后是因果关系，四个选项中只有since(由于，因为)能表达这种因果关系。因此D为正确选项。
60.B。考查词汇。题干：狂犬病也可能传播到其他生物，__________ 更大的问题。从上下文语境来看，前后为因果关系，所以B选项causing(导致)为正确答案。
61.C。考查词汇。题干：采取行动的需求是__________ 。从上下文语境来看，空格后提到了“启动了应急项目”，可以推断要选的形容词是urgent(紧迫的)，意为“采取行动已刻不容缓”，故C为正确选项。
62.A。考查词汇。题干：科学家们正试图__________ 导致秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话，找到治愈该病的方法。四个选项分别代入后，identify(确定)比较符合语境，故A为正确选项。
63.B。考查词汇。题干：在印度，人们注意到秃鹰的大批__________ 最早是在20世纪80年代。根据上下文语境，deaths可使全段的意思连贯，故B为正确选项。
64.D。考查词汇。题干：根据当时的物种调查显示，三种秃鹰的数量减少了90%以上。四个选项中只有by有“到(某事物)的程度”的意思。故c为正确选项。
65.C。考查词汇。题干：由于大部分秃鹰每次只产一只蛋，幼鹰__________ 大约5年的时间才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住秃鹰数量的下降会是一项长期的、艰巨的任务。“花费或用多少时间”英语的常用的表达法是“take…days/months/years”，其他三个选项都不合适，故C为正确选项。
（二）Hurricanes (龙卷风)
(1) Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. but in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability ( 不可预知 ) factor of the storms. In 1979,realizing the sexist (性别歧视的)nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women.
(2) Hurricanes and typhoons ( 台风 ) are the same things. If they form in the Atlantic, we call these strong storms hurricanes, from the West Indian word hurricane, meaning "big wind". And if they are Pacific storms, they are called typhoons from the Chinese taifun, meaning "great wind". To be classified as a hurricane, the storm must have maximum winds of at least 75 mph.
These storms are big, many hundreds of miles in diameter.
(3) Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy. All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses (凝结) from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator(赤道). To make a hurricane, you must have extremely wet, warm air, the kind of air that can only be found in tropical region.
(4)Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as 95 billion kilowatts per hour. In just one day alone, the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entire year! The problem is that we don't know how to make sure such great energy works for us.
5.Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph. But not always. Some storms may race at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location for several days. It can be maddening ( 发疯的 )if you live in a coastal area that may be hit.
6.The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites. With these,we can see the storms form and track them fully, from birth to death. While they can still kill people and destroy property, hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.
23. Paragraph 1 __________
24. Paragraph 2 __________
25. Paragraph 4 __________
26. Paragraph 5 __________
A. Short history of naming hurricanes
B. Harnessing the hurricane energy
C. Difficulty in forecasting the course of a hurricane
D. Huge energy stored in a hurricane
E. Forecasting a hurricane through satellite watching
F. Different names for the same things
27. Both male and female names are used for hurricanes in consideration of__________
28. Using weather satellites can ensureof hurricanes.
29. Energy specialists may be interested inof hurricanes.
30. Scientists cannot accurately predict the course of a hurricane due to__________
A. the timely (及时的) discovery
B. convenience
C. sex equality
D. its connection with humans
E. the huge power
F. its uncertainty
23.A。该段中names反复出现，所以names是该段的核心词，借助段首句和段末句的句意判断，答案应为A。
24.F。除了选项F以外，其余选项中的核心词，如：harness，forecast，store，satellite等，在该段中均没有出现。
25.D。该段落中“能量”一词频繁出现，所以该词是该段的中心词，故可以判断答案为B和D的可能性很大。再借助段首句和段末句的句意判断，答案应为D。
26.C。段首句中就出现了“预测”(predicting)和“困难”(difficult)，所以被选项中C和E可能是答案选项，而E中的“卫星”在该段落中根本没有出现，所以C是正确答案。
27.C。题干：飓风有着男性和女性的名字是考虑到__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第一段的最后一句“In 1979，realizing the sexist(性别歧视的)nature ofsuch names，the lists were expanded to include both men and women.”，故判断答案为C(性别平等)。
28.A。题干：使用天气卫星能保证飓风的__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第六段第二句：“With these，we can see the storms form and track them fully,from birth to death.”，所以答案为A。
29.E。题干：能源专家可能对飓风的__________感兴趣。利用题干关键词可以定位到第四段最后两句，由该处提到飓风中包含的能量，可知答案为E。
30.F。题干：科学家们不能准确预测飓风的行程是因为__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第5段“Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters.It moves at a typical speed of 15 mph.But not always.”，可知答案为F。
（三）Washoe Learned American Sign Language
(1) An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.
(2) Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?"
Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
(3) However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fours is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
(4) Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
(5) Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure--Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
23. Paragraph 1 __________
24. Paragraph 2 __________
25. Paragraph 3 __________
26. Paragraph 4 __________
A. Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowadays
B. Report about Washoe's progress in leaming sign language
C. General information about Washoe
D. The Gardeners' contributions recognized
E. Debate on chimps' intelligence
F. Washoe's love for three young chimps
27. Washoe could make signs to communicate __________.
28. Some scientists doubted
29. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language
30. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent __________
A. if the Gardeners' argument was sound
B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F. while Washoe was learning sign language
23.C。第一段主要介绍黑猩猩Washoe的出生地、死亡年龄、被带到美国学习美式手语等情况。用General Information about Washoe来概括是很准确的。
24.B。第二段的关键句是：“In 1969，the Gardners described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.”随后的句子简略介绍了Washoe的学习情况和结果，如已学会250个单词，并能用手语表达“该吃饭了”等概念。所以选项B是正确答案。
25.E。第三段介绍了对Gardener夫妇发表的报告的两种不同的解读。一派认为Washoe的手语能力只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质激励的结果，不是智能的表现。另一派认为这是智能的表现，其证据是Washoe还能教三个小猩猩学习手语。争论的焦点是黑猩猩有没有智能。选项E用debate来概括上述争论，很恰当。
26.A。第四段解释了为什么现在从事这项研究的科学家人数不多，部分原因是由于研究周期太长，所以答案为A。
27.C。题干：Washoe能通过手势来交流__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段第四句，由该句可知答案为C。
28.A。题干：有些科学家怀疑__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段的上半段说了一些科学家对Gardener夫妇的实验的解读所持怀疑态度。题干中出现的doubted引导我们选A。
29.D。题干：Washoe__________教三只年幼的黑猩猩标志语言。利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段的最后两句，即“He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensbur9，Washington.There，Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees，which are still alive.”，所以答案为D。
30.E。题干：实验者认为Washoe是有逻辑思维能力的__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段第四句：“She could request foods like apples and bananas.”根据全段意思和上述句子，选择E是正确的。
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