考研英语真题

时间：2024-09-28 09:34:50 晓丽考研英语我要投稿

2024年考研英语真题

　　在各领域中，许多人都需要跟试题打交道，借助试题可以对一个人进行全方位的考核。一份好的试题都是什么样子的呢？下面是小编收集整理的2024年考研英语真题，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

2024年考研英语真题

　　考研英语真题 1

　　Section 1 Use of English

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

　　The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.

　　The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.

　　The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　1、What

　　2、Concluded

　　3、On

　　4、Compared

　　5、Samples

　　6、Insignificant

　　7、Know

　　8、Resemble

　　9、Also

　　10、Perhaps

　　11、To

　　12、Drive

　　13、Ratherthan

　　14、Benefits

　　15、Faster

　　16、understand

　　17、Contributory

　　18、Tendency

　　19、Ethnic

　　20、see

　　Part A

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

　　TEXT 1

　　King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?

　　The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.

　　It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.

　　Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.

　　The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.

　　While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.

　　It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.

　　21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain

　　[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.

　　[B]used to enjoy high public support.

　　[C]was unpopular among European royals.

　　[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.

　　22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly

　　[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.

　　[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.

　　[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.

　　[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.

　　23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?

　　[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.

　　[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.

　　[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.

　　[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.

　　24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles

　　[A]takes a tough line on political issues.

　　[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

　　[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.

　　[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.

　　25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined

　　[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne

　　[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats

　　[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs

　　21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.

　　22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status

　　23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy

　　24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.

　　25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies

　　TEXT 2

　　Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

　　California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

　　The court would be recklessly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

　　They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.

　　But the justices should not swallow Californias argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

　　26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to

　　[A] search for suspects mobile phones without a warrant.

　　[B] check suspects phone contents without being authorized.

　　[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

　　[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

　　27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one of

　　[A] tolerance.

　　[B] indifference.

　　[C] disapproval.

　　[D] cautiousness.

　　28. The author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble to

　　[A] getting into ones residence.

　　[B] handing ones historical records.

　　[C] scanning ones correspondences.

　　[D] going through ones wallet.

　　29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

　　[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

　　[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

　　[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

　　[D] citizens privacy is not effective protected.

　　30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that

　　(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

　　(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

　　(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.

　　(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

　　26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.

　　27.Cdisapproval

　　28.A getting into ones residence

　　29. D citizens privacy is not effectively protected

　　30.B new technology requires reinterpretation of the constitution

　　Text 3

　　The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.

　　Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these

　　Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.

　　Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.

　　John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.

　　Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.

　　31. It can be learned from graph I that

　　[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.

　　[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.

　　[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.

　　[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.

　　32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning to

　　[A]found.

　　[B]revised.

　　[C]marked

　　[D]stored

　　33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may

　　[A]pose a threat to all its peers

　　[B]meet with strong opposition

　　[C]increase Sciences circulation.

　　[D]set an example for other journals

　　34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now

　　A. adds to researchers worklosd.

　　B. diminishes the role of reviewers.

　　C. has room for further improvement.

　　D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.

　　35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?

　　A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers

　　B. Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect

　　C. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors Desks

　　D. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science

　　31.B journals are strengthening their statistical checks

　　32.B marked

　　33. D set an example for other journals

　　34. C has room for further improvement

　　35.A science joins Push to screen statistics in papers

　　Text4

　　Two years ago. Rupert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.

　　Driving her point home, she continuedIts increasingly absence of purpose，of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.

　　As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

　　In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

　　In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

　　The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.

　　36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by

　　(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.

　　(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices

　　(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

　　37. It can be inferred from graph 3 that

　　(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

　　(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

　　(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

　　38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence

　　(A) revealed a cunning personality.

　　(B) centered on trivial issues.

　　(D) was part of a conspiracy.

　　39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

　　(A) generally distorted values.

　　(B) unfair wealth distribution.

　　(D) a rigid moral code.

　　40 Which of the following is suggested in the last graph?

　　(A) The quality of writings is of primary importance.

　　(B) Common humanity is central to news reporting.

　　(D) Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

　　36. A the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

　　37. Bmore journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

　　38. C was hardly convincing

　　39. A generally distorted values

　　40. C moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

　　Part B

　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41) You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved.Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

　　The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues.(42)

　　Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or true meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to theworld.(43)

　　Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44)

　　This doesnt, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

　　How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)Such dimensions of reading suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading. It doesnt then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

　　[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

　　[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

　　[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

　　[D] In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

　　[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity-inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

　　[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the authors own thoughts.

　　[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a texts formal structures(so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

　　41.C 42.E 43.G 44.B 45.A

　　Part C

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration-one the great folk wanderings of history-swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

　　(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. (48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

　　(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.

　　To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. Said one recorder of events, The air at twelve leagues distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden. Thecolonists first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.(50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

　　46)在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，其本身塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

　　47)美国是两种主要力量的产物即思想习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲移民和修改这些特征的新国家的影响的产物。

　　48)但由于美国特有的地理条件,不同民族的相互作用,以及维护原始老式方式的纯粹困难,新大陆引起了重大变化。

　　49)在15-16世纪北美探索的一百多年之后，运往该领土-即当今的.美国-的第一船移民横渡了大西洋。

　　50)拥有丰富多样树种的原始森林是一个真正的宝库，它从缅因州一直延伸到乔治亚州。

　　SectionⅢ Writing

　　Part A

　　51.

　　You are going to host a club reading session.Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club mrs.

　　You should state reasons for your recommendations.

　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the text. Use Li Ming instead.

　　Do not write the address.(10 points)

　　Dear club mrs,

　　As the next reading session is scheduled to be launched in two days, its a great honor for me to take the opportunity to present you a book worth reading-The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.

　　Through reflection over economics at the beginning of Industrial Revolution, the writer has elaborated on the fundamental principles of capitalism at work with insightful conceptions and eloquent speeches. Besides, the book has stood the test of time by repeated quotations and critical reviews from following researchers, exerting profound influences on anyone engaged in the field of capitalist market.

　　I believe reading such a classical book from an authoritative writer will produce a life-enriching and thought-provoking effect for all club mrs.

　　52.

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the picture briefly.

　　2) interpret its intended meaning, and

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)

　　As is depicted above, a number of young people are having a gathering of friends, but instead of talking with each other, each of them is addicted to his or her mobile phone. The lower part of the picture, we can see some Chinese characters which read the meeting in mobile-phone era.

　　Undoubtedly, the author of the picture aims at reminding us of the double edge of the cell phone. It is well known that thanks to the development of human civilization, many formerly unimaginable things come into reality. A case in point is the mobile phones. We must admit that the smart phone indeed dramatically changes our life. However, if used improperly, the mobile phones also can bring unhealthy side-effects, and imperil face to face communication between people. It is not too much to say that being over-addicted to mobile phones will cost our health, wisdom, creativity, friendship and even our ability to live.

　　Weighing the pros and cons of both sides, perhaps the best policy is to regulate it in such a way as to maximize its advantages. At the same time, we must avoid its harmful part. Furthermore, young people should be advised that spending too much time in using smart phones is bad for them.

　　考研英语真题 2

　　There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd，one of the six companies，created out of the privatized nationa__l__ railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth1，its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest.

　　In a plan calledStation Renaissancethat it__3__in November，JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants，extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books，flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting，about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway，the company __10__. So，picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose，but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.

　　The company also plans to introduce __14__cardsknown in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today，integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will save the company money，because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending.

　　1.[A] perspectives [B] outlooks [C] prospects [D] spectacles

　　2.[A] creatively [B] originally [C] authentically [D] initially

　　3.[A] displayed [B] demonstrated [C] embarked [D] unveiled

　　4.[A] go beyond [B] set out [C] come around [D] spread over

　　5.[A] applications [B] enterprises [C] functions [D]performances

　　6.[A] districts [B] vicinities [C] resorts [D] locations

　　7.[A] acquired [B] purchased [C] presided [D] attained

　　8.[A] lodgers [B] tenants [C] dwellers [D] boarders

　　9.[A] for [B] in [C] of [D] as

　　10.[A] figures [B] exhibits [C] convinces [D] speculates

　　11.[A] deprives [B] retrieves [C] spares [D] exempts

　　12.[A] conjunction [B] convenience [C] department [D] ornament

　　13.[A] delegated [B] designated [C] devoted [D] dedicated

　　14.[A] clever [B] smart [C] ingenious [D] intelligent

　　15.[A] checking [B] gathering [C] holding [D] accommodating

　　16.[A] as [B] for [C] with [D] of

　　17.[A] but for [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than

　　18.[A] unique [B] single [C] unitary [D] only

　　19.[A] devices [B] instruments [C] readers [D] examiners

　　20.[A] reduce [B] narrow [C] dwarf [D] shrink

　　答案

　　1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A

　　11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A

　　总体分析

　　本文介绍了东日本铁路公司引人关注的新计划。文章第一段介绍说东日本铁路公司创造性地利用车站内部及周围房地产的计划正引起越来越多人的关注。第二段具体介绍了这一计划的内容及好处，即适应信息时代的要求，把车站作为网上购物的物品收取地，这样既为消费者提供了方便，又提高了递送物品的安全性。第三段介绍了该公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各种磁卡作车票的计划及其优点。

　　全文翻译

　　通过国家铁路系统的私有化创建起来的六大公司之一的东日本铁路有限公司，正吸引着越来越多人的目光。在一个发展前景不振的行业，它创造性地利用车站内部及周围的房地产的计划正引起人们的关注。

　　东日本铁路在11月份公布的车站复兴计划中说：它将不仅把它的商业空地用于开商店和餐馆，而且还要把这些商业空地用于更加适应信息时代的功能上去。它打算把车站作为网上所购物品如书籍、花卉和日用百货等的收取地。该公司估算，在一个都市人严重依赖列车作为上下班交通工具的国度里，每天大约有1600万人因各种原因来到它的车站。因此，在车站收取物品使消费者节省了路途而且也不像往家里递送那样容易丢失。东日本铁路已经开始把车站的便利店用于这一目的，但它打算为网上货物的.递送创立专门的空间。

　　该公司还打算引入智能卡(在日本称为IC卡，因为它们利用集成电路储存信息)取代目前使用的磁卡作为车票和定期券，把各种不同的票券合为一体。这将为公司节省资金，因为IC卡的读卡机比磁系统要便宜的多。IC卡使用的增加还将会减少售票所占用的空间

　　考研英语真题 3

　　Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate thing or process which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature.Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind.Being universally understood by the divorce of particular science or art, they have the precision of mathematical formula.Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it.Thousands of this terms are popularly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of English language than actually within its borders.

　　Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, they have occupied great number of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old.It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language.Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound; and more generally understood, than most other technicalities.The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their old strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts.Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn.Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation.Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild.The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associates freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discovers.Any important experiment, thought made in remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy.Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.

　　1.This passage is primarily concerned with _______.

　　[A] a new language

　　[B] technical terminology

　　[C] various occupations and professions

　　[D] scientific undertakings

　　2.Special words used in technical discussion_________.

　　[A] may become part of common speech

　　[B] should be confined to scientific fields

　　[C] should resemble mathematical formulae

　　[D] are considered artificial speech

　　3.It is true that____________.

　　[A] the average man of uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for him

　　[B] various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons

　　[C] there is always a clear-cut non-technical word that may be substituted for the technical word

　　[D] an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms

　　4.In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in nomenclature of __________.

　　[A] farming

　　[B] government

　　[C] botany

　　[D] fishing

　　5.The author‘s main purpose in the passage is to _________.

　　[A] describe a phenomenon

　　[B] argue a belief

　　[C] propose a solution

　　[D] stimulate action

　　Passage Three

　　During the second half of the nineteenth century, in the United States both the stimulus to produce landscape art and the subject of landscape altered appreciably as the pressure of events surrounding the Civil War witnessed the emergence of a new national consciousness.It was a time when certain fundamental religious beliefs were assaulted by new scientific theory and when new critical writing, particularly those of John Ruskin, exercised an important influence on art.The landscape painting from the Ganz collection provides an opportunity to examine the shifts in taste and the pluralities of style that characterized American Landscape painting, especially in the latter part of the century.

　　In the early years of the nineteenth century American Landscape was closely associated with the republican ideals of the new nation and took on significance in the popular imagination as a form of national propaganda.Landscape painting was conceived of as a vehicle for the presentation of the new republic‘s unique historical and moral position in world history.This position was supported by Thomas Cole, the dean of the Hudson river School, and was based on a religious interpretation of wilderness themes.While the American concern for the founding of a school of historical landscape was most assertive in the first half of the century and was confirmed in such grandly ambitious paintings as Café’s famous instructive moral one

　　portraying the COURSE OF EMPIRE, the interest in crating a national art based on American nature continued to influence the formal evolution of landscape painting.

　　6.with what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

　　[A] The normal position of the United States.

　　[B] John Ruskins influence on nineteenth century art.

　　[C] A religious interpretation of wilderness themes.

　　[D] The evolution of landscape painting in the United States

　　7.What phenomenon does the author mention as occurring at the time of the Civil War?

　　[A] The revival of fundamental religious beliefs.

　　[B] An increased interest in national geography.

　　[C] A period of depression on the arts and sciences.

　　[D] The emergence of new national consciousness.

　　8.According to the author, why is the Ganz collection significant？

　　[A] It reflects changes in American Landscape painting.