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微软元老离职信--回首职场生涯12年
【职场英语】微软元老离职信字字珠玑：回首职场生涯12年
本文是微软元老级员工Philip Su在2010年离开微软时写下的离职信。信中字字珠玑，回顾了自己在微软工作的12年所感受和领悟到的职场真谛。无论你是职场老手还是职场新人，相信都能从中获得一些启发。
Today was my last day at Microsoft, after 12 years straight out of college. I will start at Facebook next week as a developer in its Seattle office.
今天是我在微软的最后一天。自从大学毕业，过去的 12 年里我一直都在微软工作。下周起，我将以一个程序员的身份在Facebook西雅图的办公室重新开始。
Below is the email I sent to Microsoft colleagues on my last day. I loved Microsoft, every one of the past twelve awesome years. Here’s to new adventures!
在微软的最后一天，我给同事们发了以下这封离职信。我爱微软，过去12年都是如此。现在将会迎接新的挑战！
### Original email below ###
离职信原文
Microsoft has been an awesome place to work over the past twelve years. Today is my last day.
过去的12 年里，我一直很喜欢在微软工作，但是今天是我在微软的最后一天。
I’ve always been somewhat random, so I’d like to end this whole adventure true to form: quirky, controversial, optimistic, seat-of-the-pants, with rarely a satisfying explanation.
我一直是一个比较随意的人，所以我希望今天的信也一样是有个性的、有争议的、乐观的、凭感觉的，而可能没有让人读后很满意的答案。
Don’t look for coherence below – you won’t find it. And if parts of this offend you, it’s probably because you don’t know me well enough – I offend people inadvertently all the time, almost as a rule.
请不要在我的信里找连贯性，因为你是不会找到的。如果有内容冒犯了你，那你可能不太了解我，因为我经常会在无意中冒犯到别人，几乎已经成为了定律。
Thanks for everything.
谢谢所有的一切。
In college, I never thought I’d work for Microsoft. Then I interned in 1997 and fell in love: free sodas, individual offices (with doors!), Pentium 66’s – what more could a coder ask? Years later, my manager from the internship quit suddenly when his hard drive crashed, erasing weeks of code that hadn’t been checked in. He said it was a sign from God. I have no idea what he’s doing these days.
上大学时，我从来没有想过在微软工作。但我1997 年的时候在微软实习后，就对它一见钟情：免费的饮料、自己的办公室、奔腾66... 一个程序员还能要求什么？几年后，我实习时的老板突然离职了。他电脑的硬盘当时发生了故障，丢失了几个月的工作。他说这是一个来自上天的征兆。我不知道他现在人在哪里，在做些什么事情。
People often complain after getting a “bad” review that their manager has a distorted and inaccurate view of them. Don’t you think that, of all the people in the world, the person reviewed would have the most biased view of their own performance? I sometimes gently suggest this. People don’t believe me.
人们在拿到一个不好的业绩审查后总是会抱怨老板和上级不公平而且不客观。但是你不觉得，每个人对自己的评估其实是最不客观的吗？我有时会平和地告诉别人这一点，但是没有人信。
Choose carbs. Eat dessert first.
吃点碳水化合物。吃饭时先吃甜点。
Use Occam’s Razor in interpersonal relations: look for the simplest, most straightforward explanation that assumes the best of everybody. Stay away from people who always have a conspiracy theory involving twisted office politics, unfulfilled Machiavellian ambitions, and unspoken agendas.
在处理人际关系是，我们应该运用奥卡姆剃刀原理（小编注：奥卡姆剃刀定律又称“奥康的剃刀”，是由14世纪逻辑学家、圣方济各会修士奥卡姆的威廉提出。这个原理称为“如无必要，勿增实体”,即“简单有效原理”。），也就是对于别人的行为，找到最简单，最信任别人的解释。对那些爱搞办公室政治，勾心斗角的人敬而远之。
Anonymous college course evaluations often ask for the student’s grade in the class. Turns out that there’s a strong correlation between a student’s grade and their assessment of the professor’s abilities. I don’t listen too carefully when a poor performer tells me how awful their previous manager was. My ears perk up when a star performer constructively criticizes their management.
大学里的教授评估往往会参考学生在那门课得到的成绩，因为学生的成绩与他对教授的评价有很明显的关系。我一般不会认真听一个业绩不好的人对他老板的吐槽，但是如果一个业绩好的人批评他的老板，我会洗耳恭听。
Bias towards action. “Litebulb” will drain your soul.
不行动的话，闲聊会耗尽你的生命（Litebulb是微软内部的一个广泛话题讨论组）。
Words matter. Connotations matter.
字有表意，也有隐含的意思。
If you consistently deliver what the business needs most, and you do it well, it’s impossible not to get promoted. People tell me this isn’t true, that it’s all about the people you know and about “visibility.” I have no idea how to consistently deliver impactful business results without becoming visible as a side effect. I hate it when developers ask me how to become “more visible.” They hate it when I tell them to “do great work.” They think I’m mocking them.
如果你不断做公司最需要的事情，你是一定会被重用的。有人说，不是的，人际关系和在人前表现自己更重要。我不明白，如果你持续做对公司意义很重大的事情，怎么可能不被别人注意到。我很讨厌程序员问我怎么才能在人前表现自己。他们也很讨厌我的答案“把事情做得更漂亮”，觉得我是在讽刺他们。
Be genuine. Never give advice for your own advantage. I’ve never once counseled a person to join my team or to stay on my team because I needed them.
做一个真诚的人。给别人建议时不要考虑自己的利益。我从没有说服过任何人加入我的团队，或者说服他们不要走，仅仅因为我需要他们。
Listen to understand. Speak to be understood.
听人说话时尽量理解，讲话时尽量容易让别人理解。
Good ideas are a dime a dozen. Great ideas are usually laughed at. Neither sees the light of day without you taking action. Do the work to prove your idea, or stop talking about it. In an entrepreneurship class in college, I pitched the idea of an online grocery delivery service and got laughed off stage. Hurt, but convinced of my great genius, I returned the following week to pitch the idea of online movie rentals using the postal service. I called it NetVideo. Everyone thought it was absurd. I used to tell this story to bolster what I thought was my streak of unrecognized, prognosticating technical genius. These days, I tell the story to remind myself that in the end, only action and execution matter.
好的创意很多。伟大的创意常常会遭受嘲笑，除非你去实现它。不要光说，用行动来证明你的点子。在大学的一门创业课里，我讲了一个网上租看和邮寄电影光碟的点子，我当时把它起名叫“NetVideo”，所有人都觉得很荒唐。以前我讲这个故事是为了炫耀我当时多么有远见（指后来用相同点子起家的上市公司Netflix），但是现在我讲这个故事是想告诉你，行动和执行是最重要的。
What’s your final level at Microsoft? Please don’t say CEO or Technical Fellow – I can almost guarantee you it’s not. A realistic appraisal helps you aim for the right things, and is also essential to happiness. A VP once told me that he had already attained the highest position he’d ever reach at Microsoft. It wasn’t false humility. It wasn’t sour grapes. He was confident in his abilities and ambitious about doing great work. He was just more grounded and self-aware than many, and thus more content. Don’t give up or sell out. Just know yourself.
你在微软最终的职位级别是什么？请不要说 CEO 或科技院士，因为我几乎可以保证你达不到。对自己能力更现实的认识会帮助你更准确找到目标，而且也会让你更加快乐。一位副总裁曾经告诉我, 他已经做到了他在微软能做的最高职位。这不是假谦虚，也不是抱怨。他对自己很自信，而且很有事业心。他只不过是对自己有很清楚的认识，而且懂得满足。不要放弃，也不要出卖自己。但是你要正确认识你自己。
If you only ever implement feedback that you agree with, you probably don’t need the feedback in the first place. For feedback to be useful, you must at least occasionally consider implementing feedback that you don’t initially agree with. How else will you discover your blind spots?
如果你只采用你赞同的反馈，那很有可能这些反馈从一开始就不是你需要的。真正有价值的反馈是那些你在一开始并不赞同的反馈。要不然，你怎么去发现你的盲点？
Good people with good process will outperform good people with no process every time.–Grady Booch
有流程规划的人通常比没有流程规划的人能够做得更好。——布奇（美国Rational软件工程公司的首席科学家和Booch方法的主创人）
Don’t fear process. Fear bad people dictating process. Fear process trying to make up for bad people.
不要害怕流程。害怕人们不能够很好的执行流程，害怕不合适的人去执行流程。
I’ve managed almost 150 people across dev/test/PM. I estimate about 60% of employees think that they belong in the top 20% when ranked against their peers. I have never once had a person say that they belong in the bottom 10%.
我管理过150 人的开发团队。我估计60% 的人觉得自己应该是排名在前20%。我从来没有遇见过认为自己是排在最后10% 的人。
What would Mini do? (Incidentally, one of my managers once asked me, in all seriousness, whether I was Mini-Microsoft. I guess you’ll find out after I leave.)
Mini 会怎么做？（一个经理曾经很严肃的问我，我是不是Mini-Microsoft。 等我离开微软后，你们就会知道了。）（小编注：Mini-Microsoft 是一个写微软内情的匿名博客，在微软内部有很大影响力）
In a company as large as Microsoft, I guarantee you’ll find someone higher level than you who you think is worse than you. Don’t get stuck in this mental trap – it won’t motivate you to be your best. Look instead towards the person you admire most at your level. What can you learn from them? What unique strengths might you have which they don’t have?
在微软这么大的公司中，你一定能够找出职位比你高，但你认为能力却不如你的人。但是你不应该钻这个牛角尖，因为这只会让你气馁。你应该做的是找到和你级别差不多的，但是你很佩服的人。你能从他们身上学到什么？你有什么他们不具备的优点？
A person is either passionate or they’re not. People who expect their manager to make their jobs fun and interesting won’t get far.
一个人的激情是无法替代的。一个总是需要经理告诉他去做什么的人是无法进步的。
Once, at a Pizza Hut counter, I noticed that all the pens meant for signing credit card receipts had little flowers attached to their tops. Stuck together in a cup, the bunch of pens looked like a bouquet. I asked the cashier whether this was a new Pizza Hut policy. She said no – she had done it on her own. What would you pay to have her in your company?
有一次在必胜客，我看到所有签信用卡的笔上都插上了小花，放在一起的时候看起来像一束鲜花。我问服务员，这是必胜客的新政策吗？她说不是，是她自己弄的。你是不是也很想聘用这样的员工？
Cynics don’t get anything done. Stop talking to people whose first response is always skeptical. They will crush you.
愤世嫉俗者并不能够做成事业。停止和一开始就怀疑你的人讨论问题，因为他们会拖垮你。
I had a coworker in Money who, by the time I joined in 1998, had already been at Microsoft for 15 years and could probably buy the county I grew up in. He drove a beat-up Datsun and coded every day in his office as an individual contributor. There is no doubt in my mind that he knows what he loves.
我有一位同事，他在我1998 年加入微软的时候已经在微软干了15 年，应该有足够的钱来买一栋楼。但是他每天还是开一辆破旧的Datsun 汽车来上班，来编程。说这不是他深爱的事业，会有谁信呢？
Tony Hsieh’s Delivering Happiness. It may change your life.
去读谢家华的《三双鞋-美捷步总裁谢家华自述》吧，它会改变你的一生。（小编注：本书是“美捷步”（Zappos）首席执行官谢家华创造奇迹的心路历程与商业哲学的精华萃取，分享了他在商场与生活中得到的宝贵经验与教训。点此下载试读）
Offer me one great Microsoft engineer for five “solid” ones: I gladly take the exchange.
给我一位优秀的工程师，我会很乐意拿五个“还不错的”工程师跟你换。
Practice articulating positions you disagree with faithfully and persuasively. Unless you can do this, you’re implicitly assuming that people who disagree with you are idiots. Smart people understand why smart people disagree.
练习如何有说服力的表达你不同意的观点，如果你不这样做，你就会在心里暗骂与你“道不同”的人是蠢货一个。聪明人会明白为什么其他聪明的人有时会不同意。
People keep asking for executive accountability when something goes wrong. When’s the last time you saw a line engineer take accountability – real, public accountability, the type that says, “I screwed up. This needs to go on my review. I will make this right, or I will find another position”?
发生问题的时候，人们总是让管理人担当责任。你什么时候见过底下的工程师说过：“这是我的错，应该写在我的业绩审查里面。我会把它修好，或者辞职。”
The team you want to join is the one that’s hard to get into.
你最想加入的团队就是最难进的团队。
If it seems easy getting a bunch of great reviews, you’re probably working on the wrong team.
如果你很容易就能够得到许多很好的评价，也许这说明你进入了错误的团队。
Do you practice specific skills with repetition and intent? Athletes do drills. Musicians hone difficult passages. What do you do?
你还在坚持练习你的技术么？运动员天天训练，音乐家也会演练更难的曲章。你呢？
Mentees sometimes ask for the secret to my moderate career success. They’re disappointed when I tell them that it’s partially due to hard work. It sounds trite and preachy, like a public service announcement, like I’m commending myself for breaking a light sweat. As if they’d be more satisfied with an answer like, “I clawed my way up to middle management through shameless brownnosing.” My first year at Microsoft, I had a sleeping bag in my office and worked all the time. On weekends, I still write code to learn new technologies. I regularly read books about leadership, communication, management, and technology. Equally smart people fare differently in their careers partly based on the amount they’re willing to put in. Anyone who tells you otherwise is selling something.
有些新员工会问我获得职业成功的秘诀。当我告诉他们答案是“努力工作”时，他们通常会很失望。这听起来像陈腐的说教，还像是自夸。如果我的答案是“我之所以能够爬到中层管理岗位是因为我很善于给上级拍马屁”，他们也许会更满意。我来微软的第一年就带了个睡袋到办公室，而且经常加班，周末的时候，我也是在写代码，学习新技术。我会看团队管理和如何与人沟通的书籍。才智相当的人在职业生涯上会有不同的发展，主要是因为他们的付出有多有少。如果有人另有说法，那他可能是想向你“兜售”点什么。
Follow great people. Work for great people.
跟随杰出的人，为杰出的人工作。
Above all else: Integrity. You must be able to trust who you work with and for. Theodore Roosevelt once fired a rancher who stole some neighboring cattle and added them to Roosevelt’s herd. When asked about this by incredulous friends, Roosevelt simply replied, “A man who steals for me will also steal from me.”
最重要的是：做人要诚信。你必须信任和你一起工作的人。罗斯福有一次开除了他的牧场主，因为那位牧场主偷了邻居的牛，然后把它们放到了罗斯福的牛群中。当他的朋友询问他为什么时，罗斯福回答 “为我偷东西的人，也会从我这里偷东西。”
A PM once remarked of a former Microsoft VP known for being ultra-aggressive in meetings: “I’d rather have him pissing from my tent than into my tent.” Everyone within earshot chuckled at this witty political insight. I’d actually rather not have anybody pissing on any tents, mine or otherwise.
一位PM 曾经评价过一位在会议上很具进攻性的副总裁，“我宁可让他从我这边往别人那里喷，而不是从别人那里往我这里喷。”听到的所有人都笑了。我更希望谁也别喷谁。
Organizations which design systems … are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.–Conway’s Law (Melvin Conway)
康威定律（Conway’s Law）：“设计系统的组织，最终产生的设计等同于组织之内、之间的沟通结构。”
Don’t ship the org chart.–Steven Sinofsk
永远不要发出组织的架构图。－Steven Sinofsky（史蒂文·辛诺夫斯基，微软Windows事业部主管）
You can control outcomes with three types of approaches: a) People Control, where you decide who to hire, who to fire, and who to put in what positions; b) Action Control, where you tell people what to do; and c) Results Control, where you define the metrics of success. Know when to use which.
你可以通过三种方法控制你的结果：1. 控制人，你可以选择雇佣谁，解雇谁，把什么人放到什么位置上；2. 行为控制，你可以告诉他们该做什么；C. 结果控制，你告诉他们需要什么样的结果而度量标准是什么。你要知道什么时候适合用什么方法。
Isn’t it a neat feeling when you’re introduced to a coworker’s kids or spouse? For a moment, the bubble of work is burst. You imagine baseball games, music recitals, anniversary dinners. I remind myself of this when I get frustrated at people.
当你被介绍认识同事的孩子或者配偶时，这种感觉是不是很好？在一瞬间，工作和生活之间的隔阂消失了，你会联想到篮球，音乐会，庆祝晚宴等。当我对同事不满意的时候，我就会用这些提醒自己。
I love watching exceptional people do what they’re good at. It amazes and inspires me. I once saw an alleyway chef in Shanghai turn a basketball-sized clump of dough into hand-pulled noodles for a table of eight, amid a blur of arm movements in under a minute. Ever watch speed stacking? We each have astonishing potential.
我喜欢看到有才能的人们做他们最擅长的事情，因为这能够很好的激励我。我在上海的一个胡同里面看到一个大厨把一个篮球大小的面团用手拉成了8 个人吃的面条，而且整个过程都在一分钟内完成。我们每人都具有惊人的潜能。
Amidst some LCA controversy around “Dr. Who(m),” a site I worked very hard on creating after hours, I arrived at my office to find a handmade two-foot-high Dalek. Someone had taken the time to print, cut, and tape together a mascot to support me. What inspires people to this sort of kindness? I still don’t know who did this for me – but if you’re reading this, thank you.
当我编写的Dr. Who 网站（微软内部查询人的工具）受到了法律事务部的一些抗议时，有人把一个两英尺高的“Dalek”（小编注：Dalek，中文名为戴立克，是英国BBC著名科幻电视剧《Doctor Who》（神秘博士）中Doctor 最大的机器人生命体对头。）塑像放在我的办公室里，表示支持。我现在还不知道这是谁做的，但是如果你在读这封信，谢谢。
Spend time with people whether they’ll be “useful” to you someday or not. Respond to emails whether from a VP or from a campus hire. This advice will likely make you less “efficient.” But it’s good advice nevertheless.
花时间和其他人在一起，无论他们对你是不是“有用”。回复所有人的邮件，无论他是副总裁还是一名大学实习生。这条建议你可能认为并不是特别“有效”，但它却是条好的建议。
We used to get Dove Bars and beers all the time. It felt like free food was on offer at least once a week, usually with a pretense of some small milestone to celebrate. Why did we cut stuff like this? (I know the boring fiscal reasons why. I’m asking the deeper why, as in, “Was it worth the savings? Is Microsoft better now that we’ve cut these costs?”)
我们以前经常会有免费的啤酒和吃的，基本每一个产品的大小里程碑都会有一次庆祝。我们为什么现在没有了？（我知道财政上的原因，但我想知道更深层次的原因。省那点钱值得吗？现在的微软比从前更好了吗？）
One day, a sign appeared on a soda fridge in RedWest saying something to the effect of, “Did you know that drinks cost Microsoft [ed: millions of dollars] a year? Sodas are your perk at work. Don’t bring them home.” This depressed me on too many levels to enumerate, but I’ll toss out a few:
有一天， 一个标贴出现在微软雷德蒙西区的冰箱上，它是这样写的：“你知道微软每年在饮料上要花费掉几百万美金吗？饮料是公司的，请不要带回家”。这使我非常郁闷的原因很多，简单说几个：
1.Someone had enough time to get these signs professionally printed and affixed to our fridges.
有人有足够的时间去把这些标牌做得很专业并且贴到了冰箱上。
2.It was someone’s salaried, 40-hour-a-week job to do things like this.
有人在领每周40小时的工作薪水，竟然有做这个事情的工作岗位。
3.Someone thought soda smuggling was a big enough “problem” at Microsoft to draw attention to it.
有人认为带走几瓶饮料会是一个很大的问题，是值得微软去注意的事情。
How much soda can a person steal? How much does that same person cost the company per hour in salary and benefits? Our most interesting profits will come from capitalizing on huge opportunities, not from micromanaging costs. I’m sure some finance person will lambast me for this, which would only further depress me. Believe in our upside. Focus on our upside.
一个人能带走几瓶饮料？同样一个人每小时的薪水和福利是多少？我们最大的盈利是来自于我们的潜能最大化，而不是我们的成本最小化。我相信，财务人员看到这段话会揍我，这只会让我更沮丧。相信我们赚钱的能力，把注意力放在赚钱上面，而不是省钱。
Leadership is the art of getting people to want to do what you know must be done. This was told to me third hand; I’ve unfortunately lost the attribution.
带领和管理的艺术是让人们想去做你认为必须要做的事情。这句话是我从别人那里批发过来的，不幸的是，我不知道这是谁说的（小编注：据说这句话是美国第34任总统艾森豪威尔说的）。
What have you enjoyed most in your time at Microsoft? What made that experience great? How can you do more of that?
你在微软最开心的是什么时候？是什么让你这么开心？你怎样可以做得更好？
What would you do if you hit the lottery? How can you do some of that right now?
如果中了彩票大奖，你会做什么？当中有什么是你现在就能动手做的呢？
Individuals are the sole cause of anything that’s ever happened.
所有发生的一切都是从个人开始的。
一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时也译为单纯将来时。
例A：I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.
（如明天下雨我就不来。）
例B：My brother will leave for the United States next week.
（我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。）
解说 从句式我们可以了解一般将来时的表达须借助于助动词“shall／will”。关于“shall／will”的用法，传统文法谈得很多，同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对“shall／will”的用法规则并不很一致，也不很严谨，所以本书拟只提供下面的五个规则，相信各位只要把下面这五个规则学通了，你的“shall／will”的用法就可以中规中矩了。
①说或写都尽量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的简缩形（如用法例2、3）。
②要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来。）
例A：I won't see him again.
（我不愿意再和他见面。）
例B：Who will go and help that poor old man?
（谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人？）
Mary will . （玛莉愿意。）
③说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。
例A：You shall not do that again.
（你不可以再做那样的事。）
例B：He shall return that book tomorrow.
（明天他必须把那本书归还。）
④第一人称问句使用“shall”。
例A：Shall I call you a taxi ?
（需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？）
例B：Shall we tell her the truth ?
（我们可以把实情告诉她吗？）
⑤问句是“Shall…?”，答句就用“shall ~”；问句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ~ ”。
例A：Shall you go to school tomorrow ?
（你明天须要上学去吗？）
Yes, I shall . We'll have an exam .
（是的，我必须去。我们明天有考试。）
例B：Will you go to school with me tomorrow?
（明天你要不要和我一道去学校？）
No, I won't . I'm going on a picnic.
（我不要。我已定好要去郊游。）
注：Let's …”的附加疑问通常使用“…, shall we ?”。
Let's have a rest, shall we?
（我们休息一下，怎样？）
一般将来时除了使用“shall／will + V…”以外，也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。
1．be going to + V … （即将会……；打算将……）
例A：It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.
（带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。）
例B：The Browns are going to move to Australia.
（布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。）
2．be about to + V （即将……，指紧接着要发生的动作。）
例：Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive.
（我们等一下。他即将会到达。）
3．be + V-ing …（定于……，指接近的将来动作。）
例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）
4．be + to V （定于……，指预定的将来动作。）
例：She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.
（她定于明晨九时到达这里。）
5．V-（e）s （定于……，指接近的将来动作，但不如第3项主观。）
例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。——与（3）项的区别在于（3）项的动作是出自主语的决定，（5）项则不一定是出自主语的决定。）
常用于修饰一般将来时的时间副词有：tomorrow, tomorrow morning （afternoon, evening）, next + 时间 （next night, next Monday …, next week, month…, next summer…, next year）, in （the） future （将来），soon （不久之后），in +时间 （in five days——再过五天，in two weeks——再过二星期），etc.
Drilling Square
Ⅰ．请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。
1．You ______ not drive through a red light.
2．I ______ do everything for her.
3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John?
4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam?
5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we?
6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.
7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.
8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.
9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.
10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.
Ⅱ．请在下列各题空格处就所设动词给予适当的将来时。
1．A：How do you want to go to Hualain, by air or by train?
B：I am not in a hurry this time, so I （1） take the train.
2．A：（2） （you like） to go to the game this afternoon?
B：I'd love to. Where （3） （we meet） ?
A：You just stay home and wait for me. I （4） drive my car there, so I （5） （pick） you up at about 1:30 .
3．A：It's a good dictionary . I （6） （buy） it, but I don't have money with me now.
B：Don't worry. I （7） （lend） you.
4．A：I hear Miss Chen （8） leave our school and teach in a bigger school in Taipei.
B：But the principal （校长） （9） not let her go . He says she （10） teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher.
英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势
词汇命题趋势
《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下：
领会式掌握的单词为5，500个，其中复合式掌握的单词为3，000个，以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力，领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义，复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。
在大学英语六级考试中，词汇和语法同属一个考试项目，考试时间为20分钟，考试题数为30个，计分为每小题0.5分，其计15分。题目分配：30道题中，约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法，约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见，与四级测试相比而言，六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000～5300个单词及一定量的习语，涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等，目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。
从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出：词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上，归纳起来，可大致分为下列几种：?
1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面，它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异，往往只注意英语的汉语释义，而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意，但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意，答案应选D。
2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中，有一些拼写很相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比，对它们的差异不甚了解，那就会在答题时绯徊不定，难以作出正确的选择，甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测，委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词，意为“影响”；effect为名词，意为“效果”；effort名词，意为“努力”；afford动词，意为“负担得起；提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异，你会毫不犹豫地选择B。
3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一，它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合，具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先，动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合，往往难以从字面上理解。其次，动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三，同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语，必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例，其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语，尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了，因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中，只有run down有“减弱”之意，其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”，run off“逃离”；run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义，就会作出正确的选择了。?
2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式，如“步行”，可说on foot,不说by foot，而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱，其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成，不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合，而是另外具有新的意义。因此，应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口，你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组，都有自己的含义。ina way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”；by the way“顺便说一下”；in no way“决不”；in the way表示“挡路，妨碍”；“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章，没有规律可循的习惯表达法，一方面要广读多看，博词强记；另一方面还要会寻找规律，学会归纳，避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之，解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系，尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时，还要留心词的惯用法，把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。?
语法命题趋势
语法结构是考生必须掌握的一个重要部分。在六级考试中，语法内容出现在词语用法与语法结构这一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。从以往考试的全真题来看，语法结构所占的比例略小于词语用法，但数目相差并不多。语法测试要求考生根据题目所提供的某种线索，从给出的四个选择项中选出在语法规则上、语意逻辑上及文体上与题干完全吻合的最佳答案。从内容上来看，语法部分的测试强调全面性，除略微偏重虚拟语气外，教学大纲语法结构表中的其他语法项目几乎都涉及到了。语法测试的另一个重要特点是其特殊性，测试的重点多为语法项目中的特殊点，如虚拟语气中if的省略与倒装、情态动词与完成体的搭配等。 因此，考生必须在全面、准确、透彻掌握基本语法项目的基础上，进一步钻研其中特殊的疑难点，并辅以大量的练习，才能顺利通过语法难关。 语法结构部分主要测试时态和语态、虚拟语气、主从复合句(定语从句、名词从句、状语从句等)、句法结构(强调句型、倒装语序、独立结构等)以及一致问题、固定句型等内容。考生需要注意的是，在开始答题之前，一定要对选择项及题干进行认真的分析，辨明该题所要测试的语法点以及出题者的测试意图，只有这样，在应试时才能做到心中有数，临场不乱。
常见标点符号的用法
句号 Period [.]
用以表示一个句子的结束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在缩写中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.
问号 Question Mark [?]
在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.
叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]
在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!
逗号 Comma [,]
句子中的停顿
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑问句中引出说话人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三个或以上的名词：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定语从句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
单引号 Apostrophe [']
表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
缩写I don't know how to fix it.
[NextPage]
引号Quotation Marks ["]
直接引出某人说的话：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
冒号Colon [:]
引出一系列名词
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一个较长的引语
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."
分号Semicolon [;]
将两个相关的句子连接起来
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
破折号Dash [-]
在一个句子前作总结
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在说话过程中被打断
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.
连字符Hyphen [-]
连接两个单词
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
将前缀
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在数字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three
三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关（英语四级）
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）
例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.
没有人不渴望上大学。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的）
It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
二十四、be based on （以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving
= make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...）
例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）
例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事！
三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响）
例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）
例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （尽全力去...）
例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
50个最容易出错的语法题
1, It displease my parents when Richard and I stay out late every night. My
parents don ’ t approve_____.
A, of me and Richard staying out late every night.
B, of Richard and me staying out late every night.
C, of Richard ’ s and my staying out late every night.
D, when Richard and me stay out late every night.
2, “ As for their going along with us, “ she said, “________ ”.
A, my husband and myself certainly have no objection.
B, certainly my husband and I have no objection.
C, either I or my husband certainly have no objection.
D, either my husband or I certainly have no objection.
3, “ any thing wrong? ”“ there was no objection on the part of ________ p
resent ”.
A, this.
B, those.
C, these.
D, who.
4, Although oriental ideas of woman ’ s subordination to man prevailed in t
hose days, she_______ meet with men on an equal basis.
A, did not dared.
B, dared not
C, dared not to.
D, did dare not to.
5, The stars (awaken) a certain reverence in man because, (though) always (p
resent), they are beyond (your) reach.
6, I had hoped( to have learned )French before my trip (to Paris), but I (di
d not have) any (extra money) for a course.
7, “ what is the difference? ”
“ this furniture is different from______ ”.
A, that book.
B, your.
C, that one.
D, that.
8,“ we walked twenty miles today. ”“ I never guessed you could have walke
d _____ ”.
A, as.
B, this.
C, that.
d. such.
9,“ what did Jack do last year? ”. “ I heard ____ taught German. ”.
a, he.
B, his.
c. he is.
d. him.
10,“ did you see any foreigner present at the party? ”.
“ he was the only foreigner ____ I saw at the party. ”.
a, whom.
B, that .
C, who.
d. which.
11, (Nobody) who will not try to help the other people (develop) (his )abili
ties (deserves) to have friends.
12, (there is ) often disagreement( as ) (to whom) is the (better) Shakespea
rean actor, Evans or Gielgud.
13, John was ( the only one ) of the boys (whom) as you know ( was) not (eli
gible).
14, The ( irritable) sergeant (was) insistent that nothing (superseded) the
drilling of ( the forty new men.).
15, (Still holding) the young man’s hand, he paused, and then (added delibe
rately): now I am not the man to let a cause (to be lost) ( for want of )a w
ord.
16, “What do you think about these pies?”
“ I would like to have_____”.
A, some other.
B, another.
c. the other.
d. other.
17, The FORMation of snow (must be occurring) (slowly), in calm air, and at
temperature (near) the ( freezing) point.
18, Carol said (that) she (went) ( to) the supermarket (before coming) home.
19, (Weighed) down by a mass of trivial detail, a housewife is fortunate if
she (did not) soon (lose ) all her charm and (three-quarters )of her intelli
gence.
20, When our neighbor’s daughter( caught) her fingers in the car door, she
(did not cry) even though it (must) have (hurted) her.
21, I will employ the man ______ they say is a fluent speaker of English.
A, who.
B, that.
C, which.
d. whom.
22, “Then about tolstoy’s great novels”.
“ who_____ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”
a, who.
B, that.
c. which
d. whoever.
23, Since the earliest ancestors of the whales were land creatures, the ques
tion has arisen as to how____________.
A, did the flipper adaptation of the whale originate.
B, was the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
c. the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
D, the flipper adaptation of the whale to originate.
24, Most (aggregate) rocks are fused, and, (as is implied ) by the name, (ha
s originated) (by the aggregation ) of smaller stones.
25, The Amish, (whose) culture is (unique) American, have (developed) a (dis
tinctive) tradition in organic farming.
26, By the time smith (graduates) from (dental school), he will be (twenty-s
ix) (years of age).
27, (standing in the driveway), the house (appeared to be ) much smaller tha
n (it had seemed ) (to us as children) many years ago.
28, Kevin is (particularly) (fond of) cooking, and he (really) (cooks) delic
ious meals.
29, I held an opinion that ( a honest man) who married and brought (up) a la
rge family did more service than (he) who continued (single ) and only talke
d of the population.
30, After (the church ) ( the men) stood together ( in the churchyard) (sayi
ng) he must be crazy.
31, “do you need more water in the pan?”
“no, it has ___________”.
A, already enough full.
B, full already enough.
C, already had enough.
D, had already enough.
32, This is ___________ such a thing.
A, my first time of seeing.
B, my first time to see.
C, the first time I have ever seen.
D, my first time I have ever seen.
33, “ after that, what happened to him?”
“ the chance to enter_____ come and he took it.”
A, to college.
B, the college.
c. for college.
d. college.
34, There has been (hardly no sign of ) agreement ( as yet) (between ) the
management and labor ( in their ) dispute over wages and working conditions.
35, ________ lessons were not difficult.
A, our first few short French.
B, our few first short French.
c. our few first French short.
D, few our first French short.
36, Bill said that he didn’t do _______ paper work.
A, many.
B, lots of .
c. a great deal of .
d. much.
37, I waited there for thirty minutes; that seemed ________ hours to me.
A, many.
B, very much.
C, as many.
d. so many.
38, No one (on ) the committee had flatly made (some ) such allegation, ( th
ough) Wayne Morse did come (close) by declaring that the U.S. had irritated
the North Vietnamese.
39, There (have been ) (many) an argument (about) (its) proper usage.
40, ( the social studies), (broad speaking), (deal with) man’s ( relationsh
ip to other men).
41, Founded ( in ) 1961 ( and employed) an estimated 35,000 people, the orga
nization (has gained) a reputation for brutality.
42, “john had the piano tuned today.”
“ was it_______?”.
A, out of tune badly before.
B, before badly out of tune.
C, badly out of tune before.
D, out of tune before badly.
43, “leaving for Chicago?”
“_______.”
A, soon.
B, lately.
c. late.
d. sooner.
44, “ jane acts quite unfriendly.”
“ I think she is ________ than unfriendly.”
A, shyer.
B, shy.
C, more shy rather.
D, more shy.
45, “would you like me to go to the doctor with you?”
“no, you_______ with me.”
A, need not to go.
B, do not need go.
c. need not go.
D, need to not.
46, No (other )beverage comes (even) close to rivaling coffee as the (more w
idely) drunk refreshment in the (world).
47, Strangers (come) into her city (now) notice what a (clean) place ( it is
48, Professor Anderson thought that because historical parallels are so ( mu
ch) used unprecisely and uncritically it (would) be (better) to avoid them a
ltogether in our themes.
49,“ I did not go to the party.”
“did _____ go to the party?”
a, many john friends.
B, many john’s friends.
C, my sister boy friend.
D, a boy friend of my sister’s.
50, “what did you see?”
“ we saw_____ police there”.
A, many.
B, much.
c. little.
d. the.
51, (when) and (by whom) the islands of the west Indies were first settled i
s a matter (of debating) (among) archaeologists.
52, (Cliff’s and Al’s) car (broke down) again, but (luckily) they knew ( h
ow to fix) it.
53, (from the top ) of the tower, Jacob was able ( to clearly and easily see
) the (whole ) city (stretching) out below him.
54, Joan ( decided) that she did not like the (girl eating) an ice-cream con
e on the bus after (she) ( yelled) at her little brother.
BBBBD/ADCAB/
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